词汇语法
词汇语法
The Workers" Role in Management
Traditionally, it has been the workers" role to work and management"s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm"s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to 1obtain the workers" opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the company 2 and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers 3 and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?
Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days" notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.
It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making 4. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm"s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in 5 the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise 6, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company"s profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.
词汇：
suggestion box 意见箱，建议箱
concession /kən"seʃən/ n．让步
dependent /di"pendənt /=dependant n．受扶养者，受扶养的家属
employee stockownership 雇员持股权
layoff /"leiɔf/ n．停工，停歇；临时解雇（期）；失业期
注释：
1. Managers have rarely felt compelled to...：管理者们很少觉得应该……。feel compelled to do 的意思是“觉得被迫干……”，在本文拟译为“觉得应该……”更合适些。
2. ... they have a vital stake in the company:……他们对公司有很大的利害关系。have a stake in 的意思是“对……（或在……方面）有利害关系”。例如：Each of us has a stake in the outcome of the conference.会议结果对我们每一个人都有利害关系。 这个短语也有“……有股份”的意思。例如：They have a large stake in the oil industly．他们在石油业有大量股份。
3. rank-and-file workers：普通工人
4. managerial decision making：管理决策的制定
5. give sb. a voice in：在……方面给某人发言权，即发表意见的权利。例如：His parents give him "voice in almost anything．几乎任何事情他父母都让他有发言权。
6. ... their morale will rise:……他们的士气会增加
In recent years many management specialists have been arguing for the workers" role in management with two major reasons.
A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the UniversityofLeedswas investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction 1, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute inFrance, says that Wignall"s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
词汇：
dioxide [daɪˈɒksaɪd] n. 二氧化物
lava ["lɑ:və] n. 熔岩
Permian [ˈpə:miən] adj. 二叠纪
gigaton ["dʒɪgətʌn] n. 十亿吨梯恩梯
genera ["dʒenərə] n. 种类
dinosaurs ["daɪnəsɔ:z] n. 恐龙
asteroid [ˈæstərɔɪd] n. 小行星
注释：
1.The Permian extinction:二叠纪物种灭绝
Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones？
A:Because they killed off life more easily. B:Because they were brighter. C:Because they were larger. D:Because they were hotter.
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Man cannot go on increasing his number at the present rate. In the (56) 30 years man will face a period of crisis. (57) experts believe that there will be a widespread food (58) . Other experts think this is (59) pessimistic (悲观的), and that man can prevent things from (60) .
(61) thing that man can do is to limit the (62) of babies born. The need (63) this is obvious, but it is not (64) to achieve. People have to be (65) to limit their families. In the countries of the population (66) , many people like big families. The parents think that this (67) a bigger income for the family and ensures there will be someone in the family who will look (68) them in old age.
Several governments have (69) birth control policies in recent years. (70) them are Japan, China, India and Egypt. In some (71) the results have not been successful. Japan has been an (72) . The Japanese adopted a birth control policy in 1948. People were (73) to limit their families. The birth (74) fell from 34.3 per thousand per year to about 17.0 per year (75) present.
A:second B:recent C:next D:late
Man cannot go on increasing his number at the present rate. In the (56) 30 years man will face a period of crisis. (57) experts believe that there will be a widespread food (58) . Other experts think this is (59) pessimistic (悲观的), and that man can prevent things from (60) .
(61) thing that man can do is to limit the (62) of babies born. The need (63) this is obvious, but it is not (64) to achieve. People have to be (65) to limit their families. In the countries of the population (66) , many people like big families. The parents think that this (67) a bigger income for the family and ensures there will be someone in the family who will look (68) them in old age.
Several governments have (69) birth control policies in recent years. (70) them are Japan, China, India and Egypt. In some (71) the results have not been successful. Japan has been an (72) . The Japanese adopted a birth control policy in 1948. People were (73) to limit their families. The birth (74) fell from 34.3 per thousand per year to about 17.0 per year (75) present.
A:second B:recent C:next D:late
| Man cannot go on increasing his number
at the present rate. In the (56) 30 years man will face a
period of crisis. (57) experts believe that there will be a
widespread food (58) . Other experts think this is
(59) pessimistic (悲观的), and that man can prevent things from
(60) . (61) thing that man can do is to limit the (62) of babies born. The need (63) this is obvious, but it is not (64) to achieve. People have to be (65) to limit their families. In the countries of the population (66) , many people like big families. The parents think that this (67) a bigger income for the family and ensures there will be someone in the family who will look (68) them in old age. Several governments have (69) birth control policies in recent years. (70) them are Japan, China, India and Egypt. In some (71) the results have not been successful. Japan has been an (72) . The Japanese adopted a birth control policy in 1948. People were (73) to limit their families. The birth (74) fell from 34.3 per thousand per year to about 17.0 per year (75) present. |
A:second B:recent C:next D:late
Man cannot go on (1) his numbers at the present rate, In the (2) 30 years man will face a period of crisis. (3) experts believe that there will be a widespread food (4) . Other experts think this is (5) pessimistic, and that man can prevent things (6) worse than they are now. But (7) that two-thirds of the people in the world are undernourished or starving now.
One thing that man can do is to limit (8) of babies born. The need (9) this is obvious, but it is (10) to achieve. People have to (11) _ to limit their families. In the countries of the population (12) , many people like big families. The parents think that this (13) a bigger income for the family and ensures there will be someone in the family who will look (14) them in old age.
Several governments have (15) birth control policies in recent years. (16) them are Japan, China, India and Egypt. In some (17) the results have not been (18) . Japan has been an exception. The Japanese adopted a birth control policy in 1948. People (19) to limit their families. The birth rate fell from 34. 3 per thousand per year to about 17. 0 per year (20) .
A:second B:recent C:next D:late
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