移动通信概述
移动通信概述
Silent and Deadly
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)，or ministrokes，result from temporary interruptions of blood flow to the brain.1 Unlike full strokes，they present symptoms lasting anywhere from a few seconds to 24 hours2. Rarely do they cause permanent neurological damage, but they are often precursors of a major stroke.
“Our message is quite clear," says Dr. Robert Adams, professor of neurology at the Medical College of Georgia in August. “ TIAs，while less severe than strokes in the short term，are quite dangerous and need a quick diagnosis and treatment as well as appropriate follow-up to prevent future injury.”3
Unfortunately, ministrokes are greatly underdiagnosed. A study conducted for the 丨National Stroke Association indicates that 2.5% of all adults aged 18 or older (about 4.9 million people in the U. S. ) have experienced a confirmed TIA4. An additional 1.2 million Americans over the age of 45，the study showed, have most likely suffered a ministroke without realizing it. These findings suggest that if the public knew how to spot the symptoms of stroke, especially ministrokes，and sought prompt medical treatment, thousands of lives could be saved and major disability could be avoided.
The problem is that the symptoms of a ministroke are often subtle and passing. Nonetheless, there are signs you can look out for：
▲ Numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body.
▲ Trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
▲ Confusion and difficulty speaking or understanding.
▲ Difficulty walking, dizziness or loss of coordination.
▲ Severe headache with no known cause.
Along with these symptoms，researchers have identified some key indicators that increase your chances of having a full-blown stroke after a TIA： if you"re over 60，have experienced symptoms lasting longer than 10 minutes，feel weak and have a history of diabetes.
As with many diseases，you can help yourself by changing your lifestyle. The first things you should do are quit smoking，limit your intake of alcohol to no more than a drink or two a day and increase your physical activity. Even those who suffer from high blood pressure or diabetes can improve their odds—and minimize complications if they do have a stroke—by keeping their illness under control.
If you experience any of the symptoms，your first call should be to your doctor. It could be the call that saves your life.5
词汇：
transient/"trænzɪənt/adj.短暂的，转瞬即逝的 .
ischemic / ɪs"ki:mɪk/adj.局部缺血的，局部 贫血的
ministroke 小卒中
anywhere / ˈeniweə(r)/adv.在（限定范围内的）,任何一点上；在（或往）任何地方
precursor / [英]pri:ˈkɜ:sə(r)/n..前兆，先兆
follow-up / "fɒləʊ ʌp/n.随访，随访病人，随访病例
underdiagnose/["ʌndədaɪəg"nəʊsɪs]vt. (对疾病）未能做出全面诊断
disability ./ ˌdɪsə"bɪlətɪ/n.残疾，伤残;无能力，无力
dizziness / "dɪzɪnəs/n.头晕，弦晕
indicator / ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)/n.指示者，指示物
full-blown / ˈfʊlˈbləʊn/adj.充分发展的，完善的；（花）盛开的；完全成熟的
minimize / "mɪnɪmaɪz/vt.使减少最第限度；把……说成极不重要，对……做最低估计
complication ./ ˌkɒmplɪˈkeɪʃn/n.并发症，并发病
注释：
1.Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or ministrokes, result from temporary interruptions of blood flow to the brain.短暂性局部缺血发作，亦称小卒中，是由于流向大脑的血液暂时被中断而引发的。
2. ... anywhere from a few seconds to 24 hours：此处的 anywhere 不指地方，而是指在(P艮定范 围内的）任何一点上，即几秒钟至24小时不等。
3."TIAs, while less severe than strokes in the short term, are quite dangerous and need a quick diagnosis and treatment as well as appropriate follow-up to prevent future injury. ”“ 尽管从短期 结果看小卒中不如中风那样严重，但也是十分危险的，必须及时做出诊断与治疗，并进行适 当的随访，以避免将来造成伤害。”
4.... have experienced a confirmed TIA.被证实确实经历过小卒中。
5.It could be the call that saves your life.及时打电话给医生有可能会挽救你的生命。
To prevent ministrokes from turning into major strokes, it is impbrtant to____
A:save thousands of lives B:avoid major disability C:seek prompt medical treatment D:prevent future injury
The Workers" Role in Management
Traditionally, it has been the workers" role to work and management"s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm"s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to 1obtain the workers" opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the company 2 and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers 3 and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?
Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days" notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.
It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making 4. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm"s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in 5 the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise 6, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company"s profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.
词汇：
suggestion box 意见箱，建议箱
concession /kən"seʃən/ n．让步
dependent /di"pendənt /=dependant n．受扶养者，受扶养的家属
employee stockownership 雇员持股权
layoff /"leiɔf/ n．停工，停歇；临时解雇（期）；失业期
注释：
1. Managers have rarely felt compelled to...：管理者们很少觉得应该……。feel compelled to do 的意思是“觉得被迫干……”，在本文拟译为“觉得应该……”更合适些。
2. ... they have a vital stake in the company:……他们对公司有很大的利害关系。have a stake in 的意思是“对……（或在……方面）有利害关系”。例如：Each of us has a stake in the outcome of the conference.会议结果对我们每一个人都有利害关系。 这个短语也有“……有股份”的意思。例如：They have a large stake in the oil industly．他们在石油业有大量股份。
3. rank-and-file workers：普通工人
4. managerial decision making：管理决策的制定
5. give sb. a voice in：在……方面给某人发言权，即发表意见的权利。例如：His parents give him "voice in almost anything．几乎任何事情他父母都让他有发言权。
6. ... their morale will rise:……他们的士气会增加
In recent years many management specialists have been arguing for the workers" role in management with two major reasons.
A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
Health care is an extraordinarily obsolete system. A professor of emergency medicine at major university sent me a really heartbreaking (1) lie said that physicians have to start from the (2) beginning with every patient. There is no history, no time to (3) -- they know nothing about the (4)
We have inferior medical service (5) the computer technology that could change it is not being used. The difficulties of just (6) patient records -- apart from analyzing them (7) -- are unnecessary and hinder us from providing (8) service.
We have the opportunity to do some wholesale rethinking of (9) we provide health care and turn it into not only medical service, but preventive maintenance that (10) the patient in decision- making. We can begin through pilot and demonstration projects in hospitals, by doctors, and (11) by private doctor participation. Physicians can show patients the (12) of their actions and what the alternatives are. Technologies (13) multimedia and interactive computers can (14) patients, in the privacy of their own homes, to ask questions about these (15) . Other countries are moving much more (16) than the United States in medical information. The computerization and redesign of Sweden’s health delivery system has reduced that nation’s (17) on the health care from 12 % of GNP to a little over 7%. More than one-third of the population of the Nether-lands has their medical records computerized. (18) some hospitals in the United States keep computerized patient (19) , these records only cover the time the patient is in the hospital and do not include their (20) medical history.
A:partial B:absolute C:major D:entire
Health care is an extraordinarily obsolete system. A professor of emergency medicine at major university sent me a really heartbreaking (1) lie said that physicians have to start from the (2) beginning with every patient. There is no history, no time to (3) -- they know nothing about the (4)
We have inferior medical service (5) the computer technology that could change it is not being used. The difficulties of just (6) patient records -- apart from analyzing them (7) -- are unnecessary and hinder us from providing (8) service.
We have the opportunity to do some wholesale rethinking of (9) we provide health care and turn it into not only medical service, but preventive maintenance that (10) the patient in decision- making. We can begin through pilot and demonstration projects in hospitals, by doctors, and (11) by private doctor participation. Physicians can show patients the (12) of their actions and what the alternatives are. Technologies (13) multimedia and interactive computers can (14) patients, in the privacy of their own homes, to ask questions about these (15) . Other countries are moving much more (16) than the United States in medical information. The computerization and redesign of Sweden’s health delivery system has reduced that nation’s (17) on the health care from 12 % of GNP to a little over 7%. More than one-third of the population of the Nether-lands has their medical records computerized. (18) some hospitals in the United States keep computerized patient (19) , these records only cover the time the patient is in the hospital and do not include their (20) medical history.
A:partial B:absolute C:major D:entire
Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 Points) Health care is an extraordinarily obsolete system. A professor of emergency medicine at major university sent me a really heartbreaking (1) lie said that physicians have to start from the (2) beginning with every patient. There is no history, no time to (3) -- they know nothing about the (4) We have inferior medical service (5) the computer technology that could change it is not being used. The difficulties of just (6) patient records -- apart from analyzing them (7) -- are unnecessary and hinder us from providing (8) service. We have the opportunity to do some wholesale rethinking of (9) we provide health care and turn it into not only medical service, but preventive maintenance that (10) the patient in decision- making. We can begin through pilot and demonstration projects in hospitals, by doctors, and (11) by private doctor participation. Physicians can show patients the (12) of their actions and what the alternatives are. Technologies (13) multimedia and interactive computers can (14) patients, in the privacy of their own homes, to ask questions about these (15) . Other countries are moving much more (16) than the United States in medical information. The computerization and redesign of Sweden’s health delivery system has reduced that nation’s (17) on the health care from 12 % of GNP to a little over 7%. More than one-third of the population of the Nether-lands has their medical records computerized. (18) some hospitals in the United States keep computerized patient (19) , these records only cover the time the patient is in the hospital and do not include their (20) medical history.
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.2（）A:partial B:absolute C:major D:entire
A new examination of urban policies has been (51) recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and (52) development. She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to (53) emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse (54) . These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao. "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to (55) their residents. " Cities are (56) sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term (57) . The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential (58) associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat (59) paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may (60) basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing (61) access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments, (62) , should take measures to protect their residents. Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric (63) meaningful responses. Romero Lankao writes, "They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce (64) use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach." Thus, she urges them to change their (65) policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
56（）A:doubtful B:possible C:repeatable D:major
A:doubtful B:possible C:repeatable D:major
Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and________(51) development. She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely suffer from the________(52) of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to________(53) emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. “Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound ________ (54) to the growing cities of the world.” says Romero Lankao. “But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents. ” Cities are ________ (55) sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions (干预) that could offer immediate and longer-term _________ (56). The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater __________ (57) for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat ________ (58) paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more ________ (59) in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may ________ (60) basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in sub-standard housing ________ (61) access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments, therefore, should take measures to ________ (62) their residents. Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric (言辞) ________ (63) meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes. They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning ________ (64). They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach. ________ (65), she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
A:major B:repeatable C:doubtful D:useful
A:more dangerous than major strokes B silent and deadly B:difficult to cure C:sure to lead to major strokes
