Spacing in Animals ¹ Flight Distance

    Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance ²” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance ³—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope ⁴ will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard ⁵’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

    Critical Distance

    Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance ⁶. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion"s critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction ⁷ and begins slowly to stalk the man.

    Social Distance

    Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group ⁸.

    Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others.

    Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother"s voice, social distance may be the length of her reach ⁹. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

 

词汇：

observant[əbˈzɜ:vənt] adj.观察力敏锐的;

barrier["bærɪə(r)] n.障碍物

potential[pəˈtenʃl] adj.潜在的

contact["kɒntækt] n.接触；联系

survival[səˈvaɪvl] n.逃生，幸免;

fatal["feɪtl] adj.致命的

mobile["məʊbaɪl] adj.可动的，活动的;

rigidly["rɪdʒɪdlɪ] adv.刻板的；死板的

approach[ə"prəʊtʃ] v朝……走近

baboon[bəˈbu:n] n.狒狒;

 

注释:

1.spacing in animals :动物的间隔距离

2．flight distance:逃离距离

3．．，．there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance.……动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系。

4．antelope:羚羊

5．wall lizard:壁虎

6.“Critical distance"  includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance.关键距离指逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭窄区域。

7．reverse direction:调转方向。

8．a hidden band that contains the group:-条控制群体的隐形带

9．the length of her reach:她手臂够得着的长度

 

If an animal’s critical distance is penetrated, it will

A:begin to attack. B:try to hide C:begin to jump D:run away

The critical path ______.

A:is the earliest series of events and activities which have the highest technical risk in the project B:is the series of events and activities which have the highest cost in the project C:is the longest chain of events and activities from today's date to the end of the project, if the plan represented by the current network plan is executed D:is an interesting concept, but is has little significance to the project functional managers assigned to the project

The critical chain ______ .

A:focuses on managing the resources applied to buffer activities B:alters the required dependencies in the project schedule to optimize resource constraints C:adds duration buffers that are work schedule activities to maintain focus on the total float of network paths D:adds duration buffers that are non-work schedule activities to maintain focus on the planned activity durations

Students will need (21) all of their language skills in order to understand the reading selections in Reader’s Choice. The book contains many types of selection oil a wide variety of topics. These selections provide practice (22) using different reading strategies to extract the message of the writer. They I also give students practice in four basic reading skills: skimming, scanning, reading for (23) comprehension, and critical reading.
Skimming is quick reading for the general ideas of a passage. This kind of rapid reading is (24) when you are trying to decide if careful reading is desirable or when there is not time to read something carefully.
Like skimming, (25) is also quick reading. However, in this case the search is more focused. To scan is to read (26) in order to locate specific information. When you read to find a particular date, or number you are scanning.
Reading for thorough comprehension is (27) reading in order to understand the total meaning of the passage. (28) this level of comprehension the reader is able to summarize the author’s ideas but has not yet made a critical evaluation of those ideas.
Critical reading demands that a reader (29) judgments about what he or she reads. This kind of reading requires posting and (30) questions such as "Does my own experience support that of the author" , "Do I share the author’s point of view" And" Am I convinced by the author’s arrangements and evidence "

27（）

A:scanning B:skimming C:thorough reading D:critical reading

Students will need (21) all of their language skills in order (22) understand the reading selections in Reader’s Choice. The book contains many types of selection on a wide variety of topics. These selections provide practice (23) using different reading strategies to extract the message of the writer. They also give students practice in four (24) reading skills: skimming, scanning, reading for (25) comprehension, and critical reading.
Skimming is quick reading for the general ideas of a passage. This kind of rapid reading is (26) when you are trying to decide if careful reading is desirable or when there is not time to read something carefully.
Like skimming, (27) is also quick reading. However, in this case the search is more (28) . To scan is to read (29) in order to locate specific information, when you read to find a particular date, or number you are scanning.
Reading for thorough comprehension is (30) reading in order to understand the total meaning of the passage. (31) this level of comprehension the reader is able to summarize the author’s ideas but has not (32) made a critical evaluation of those ideas.
Critical reading demands that a reader (33) judgments about what he or she reads. This kind of reading requires posting and (34) questions such as "Does my own experience support (35) of the author", "Do I share the author’s point of view" and "Am I convinced by the author’s arrangements and evidence/

27（）

A:scanning B:skimming C:thorough reading D:critical reading

Students will need (21) all of their language skills in order to understand the reading selections in Reader’s Choice. The book contains many types of selection oil a wide variety of topics. These selections provide practice (22) using different reading strategies to extract the message of the writer. They I also give students practice in four basic reading skills: skimming, scanning, reading for (23) comprehension, and critical reading.
Skimming is quick reading for the general ideas of a passage. This kind of rapid reading is (24) when you are trying to decide if careful reading is desirable or when there is not time to read something carefully.
Like skimming, (25) is also quick reading. However, in this case the search is more focused. To scan is to read (26) in order to locate specific information. When you read to find a particular date, or number you are scanning.
Reading for thorough comprehension is (27) reading in order to understand the total meaning of the passage. (28) this level of comprehension the reader is able to summarize the author’s ideas but has not yet made a critical evaluation of those ideas.
Critical reading demands that a reader (29) judgments about what he or she reads. This kind of reading requires posting and (30) questions such as "Does my own experience support that of the author" , "Do I share the author’s point of view" And" Am I convinced by the author’s arrangements and evidence "

28（）

A:scanning B:skimming C:thorough reading D:critical reading

More about Alzheimer’s Disease 　　Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer’s disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict ________ (51) is at risk of getting this neurological disorder. 　　The only current means of ________ (52) the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.(痴呆) 　　“ Since Alois Alzheimer described the ________ (53) nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to ________ (54) diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. "This discovery, if ________ (55) , could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. ” 　　Alzheimer’s is the single greatest ________ (56) of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2. 5 million and 4 million people in the United States ________ (57). The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function，and eventually causes death.6 There is currently no known _______ (58) for the disease. 　　Researches ________ (59) that the skin cells of Alzheimer’ s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that7 Alzheimer’s ________ (60) from physiological changes throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects ________ (61) the cells in the brain, scientists said. 　　The flow of potassium is especially ________ (62) in cells responsible ________ (63) memory formation8. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells’ supply of calcium, another critical element. 　　One test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that ________ (64) the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature. 　　A spokesman for the Alzheimer’s Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important ________ (65) , but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimer’s have been disappointing.

A:steady B:natural C:continuous D:critical

? ?In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery"—feeling important and worthwhile—and the sources of what we call a sense of "pleasure"—finding life enjoyable—are not always identical. Women often are told, "You can’t have it all". Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is "You choose a career, so you can’t expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life," or "You have a wonderful husband and children—what’s all this about wanting a career?" but women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they have to feel good about themselves.
? ?Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to work and activity~ Pleasure is the other dimension, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism. It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.
? ?The concepts of mastery and pleasure could help us identify the source of well-being for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women are encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly high in mastery than did women who were not employed.
? ?A woman’s well-being is enhanced (增进) when she takes on multiple roles. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in the combination of roles—marriages, motherhood, and employment--were the highest in well-being, despite warnings about stress and strain.

The author’s attitude towards women having a career is ______.

A:positive B:critical C:neutral D:realistic