Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements

     Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday, kicking off¹ six days of Nobel announcements.
　　Australian-born U. S. citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
　　Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out² in 1901. The last female winner was U. S.researcher Linda Buck in 2004，who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
　　Among the pair"s possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and El wood Jensen, who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors³.
　　As usual, the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference⁴ at Stockholm"s Karolinska Institute.
　　Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite, established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine，physics，chemistry，literature and peace. The economies pijize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden"s central bank.
　　Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of⁵ research.
　　Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine prize committee, said the 10 million kronor (US $1.3 million) prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
　　”Individual researchers probably don"t look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they"re at work,” Jornvall told The Associated Press⁶. ”They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions. ”
　　In 2006，Blackburn, of the University of California, San Francisco, and Greider, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for⁷ research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.

词汇：

enzyme/ "enzaɪm/n. 酶 

krona/ ˈkrəunə/n. 瑞典克朗
receptor/ rɪˈseptə(r)/n. 受体 

kronor krona的复数形式
dynamite/ "daɪnəmaɪt/n. 甘油炸药 

telomerase/ tə"lɒməreɪz/n. 端粒酶 

 

注释：

1.kicking off：开始(某种）活动
2.handed out：分发
3.nuclear hormone receptors：核激素受体
4.a news conference ：记者招待会
5.a body of： 一批
6.The  Associated Press ：美联社
7.set the stage for：为……打好基础

Which is NOT true of Alfred Nobel?

A:He was from Sweden B:He was the inventor of dynamite C:He established the prizes in his will D:He gave clear instructions on how to select winners

C Choosing the Right Resolution (决定) Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake. To reach our goal of losing weight --- the output, we need to control what we eat --- the input ( 输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having desert for lunch,” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome. Recently a new science behind incentives (激励) , including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because do not know how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more control. As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do. If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think bout an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday. In the long run, these new goals could become a habit. The writer strongly believes that we should ________.

A:develop good habits and focus on the outcome B:be optimistic about final goals and stick to them C:pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits D:set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output

As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, "Universal human rights begin in small places, close to home." And Tolerance. org, a Web site from the Southern Poverty Law Center, is helping parents across the country create homes in which tolerance and understanding are guiding themes. "The goal of nurturing open-minded, empathetic children is a challenging one," says Jennifer Holladay, director of Tolerance. org. "To cultivate tolerance, parents have to instill in children a sense of empathy, respect and responsibility—to oneself and to others—as well as the recognition that every person on earth is a treasure." Holladay offers several ways parents can promote tolerance:
Talk about tolerance. Tolerance education is an ongoing process; it cannot be captured in a single moment. Establish a high comfort level for open dialogue about social issues. Let children know that no subject is taboo. Identify intolerance when children are exposed to it. Point out stereotypes and cultural misinformation depicted in movies, TV shows, computer games and other media. Challenge bias when it comes from friends and family members. Do not let the moment pass. Begin with a qualified statement: "Andrew just called people of XYZ faith ’lunatics. ’ What do you think about that, Zoe" Let children do most of the talking. Challenge intolerance when it comes from your children. When a child says or does something that reflects biases or embraces stereotypes, confront the child: "What makes that joke funny, Jerome" Guide the conversation toward internalization of empathy and respect—"Mimi uses a walker, honey. How do you think she would feel about that joke" or "How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last week" Support your children when they are the victims of intolerance. Respect children’s troubles by acknowledging when they become targets of bias.
Don’t minimize the experience. Provide emotional support and then brainstorm constructive responses. For example, develop a set of comebacks to use when children are the victims of name-calling. Create opportunities for children to interact with people who are different from them. Look critically at how a child defines "normal." Expand the definition. Visit playgrounds where a variety of children are present—people of different races, socioeconomic backgrounds, family structures, etc. Encourage a child to spend time with elders—grandparents, for example. Encourage children to call upon community resources. A child who is concerned about world hunger can volunteer at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter. The earlier children interact with the community, the better. This will help convey the lesson that we are not islands unto ourselves. Model the behavior you would like to see. As a parent and as your child’s primary role model, be consistent in how you treat others. Remember, you may say, "Do as I say, not as I do," but actions really do speak louder than words

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tolerance. org（）

A:It is a Web site from the Northern Poverty Law Center. B:It is helping parents across the country create homes for those orphans. C:The goal is to challenge those intolerant children. D:It helps parents cultivate a sense of empathy and responsibility in their children.

Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behaviour. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in tie hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use—that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunting became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunting were no longer essential for survival.
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that were no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten but there were other much simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.

In a football game what is equal to the prey in hunting is （　）

A:any member of the opposing team B:the goal-mouth C:the goal keeper D:the football

Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behaviour. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in tie hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use—that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunting became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunting were no longer essential for survival.
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that were no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten but there were other much simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.
In a football game what is equal to the prey in hunting is ______.

A:any member of the opposing team B:the goal-mouth C:the goal keeper D:the football

Passage Two

In a football game what is equal to the prey in hunting is ______.

A:any member of the opposing team B:the goal-mouth C:the goal keeper D:the football

If your BMI or waist circumference is above the healthy range you’ re at increased risk of diabetes, Cardiovascular disease and certain cancers such as colon, prostate and breast cancer. You’re also more likely to experience joint problems and back pain, and may find you become breathless and have difficulty sleeping. The more weight you gain, the more severe these problems may become.
Losing weight depends on energy balance. If you consume more energy from food and drink than you burn through maintaining your body’ s functions and physical activity, you’ll gain weight. Cutting calories by reducing how much you eat and drink, and increasing how much physicalactivity you do will make you lose weight. If you reduce your daily energy intake to around 500 calories (kcal) below your energy requirements ,you’ll lose about 0.5kg a week. This is a sensiblerate of weight loss.
Before you start making changes to your lifestyle, it’ s important to ask yourself if this is the right time. The reasons you decide to lose weight will be personal to you. You might find you’ re more successful if you choose a relatively calm time in your life to start. Whatever you decide, make sure you’ re feeling positive and ready for the challenge.
Set achievable goals. Aim to lose about five to ten percent of your initial body weight over a few months. Research shows this kind of weight loss is achievable and will improve your health. Once you’ ve reached your goal, congratulate yourself and set another five per cent weight loss target. This way, you’ll feel good about achieving small steps, rather than getting clown because it’ s taking you so long to lose a large amount of weight.
You may lose more weight in some weeks than in others, but as long as your weight continues to decrease overall there’ s no need to worry. If your weight stays the same for a week or two, don’ t aband on all you’ ve achieved. Instead, focus on the amount and type of food you’ re eating andtry to be a little more active.
In paragraph 4, by saying "Set achievable goals", the writer means

A:once you’ ve reached your first goal, set a higher weight loss target. B:lose about 5% to 10% of your initial weight over a few months, and then another 5%. C:lose a large amount of weight over a few months. D:achieve small steps in weight losing at first, and then big steps.