第3篇 Shaming Punishments Last month, James Connolly, a junior at the University of Massachusetts, stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga (长袍) as punishment. His crime He was charged with underage drinking, illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party. This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years, mostly imposed by local judges for less serious crimes, such as drunk driving and theft. They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent(威慑). For example, in Tennessee, Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters (商店货物扒手) stand outside Wal-Mart with signs that read, "I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie" , "Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation (谴责) of the criminal. "said Dan Kahan, a University of Chicago Law School professor, in an article published on the university’s website. "They aren’t shameful enough. " Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet (红色的) Letter punishments. The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. In this novel, a woman is forced to wear a scarlet "A" on her clothes as punishment for her adultery (通奸). However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee. "Early societies often had are acceptance ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society. " says Hosmanek. "Contemporary punishments in America lack this. " Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values. Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes. Others aren’t so sure. "There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes. And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society. "said Hosmanek. "So, a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself. " Experts also debate shaming punishment’s damage to human dignity. "Since the point is to shame, it’s of course degrading(侮辱人格的). " said Linda Malone, director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School. "US law only prohibits punishment that is ’cruel and unusual’--not ’inhuman and degrading’. It’s very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ’cruel and unusual’. "What does US law forbid

A:Cruel and unusual punishments. B:Inhuman punishments.’ C:Degrading punishments. D:Shaming punishments.

Last month, James Connolly, a junior at the University of Massachusetts, stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga (长袍) as punishment.
His crime He was charged with underage drinking, illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party.
This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years, mostly imposed by local judges for less serious crimes, such as drunk driving and theft.
They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent (威慑). For example, in Tennessee, Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters (商店货物扒手) stand outside Wal-Mart with signs that read, "I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie", "Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation (谴责) of the criminal. "said Dan Kahan, a University of Chicago Law School professor, in an article published on the university’s website. "They aren’t shameful enough."
Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet (红色的) Letter punishments. The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. In this novel, a woman is forced to wear a scarlet "A" on her clothes as punishment for her adultery (通奸).
However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee.
"Early societies often had are acceptance ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society. " says Hosmanek. "Contemporary punishments in America lack this. "
Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values. Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes.
Others aren’t so sure. "There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes. And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society. "said Hosmanek. "So, a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself. "
Experts also debate shaming punishment’s damage to human dignity. "Since the point is to shame, it’s of course degrading (侮辱人格的). " said Linda Malone, director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School.
"US law only prohibits punishment that is ’cruel and unusual’- not ’inhuman and degrading’. It’s very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ’cruel and unusual’. /
What does US law forbid

A:Cruel and unusual punishments. B:Inhuman punishments. C:Degrading punishments. D:Shaming punishments.

Why are two shots thought to be necessary People born after 1957 have not been exposed to a similar virus. The first dose "primes" (使准备好) the immune system to respond, but it’s the second shot that triggers the production of antibodies. This is not unusual. A number of vaccines are given for the first time in multidose series. For example, the seasonal flu vaccine is given in two shots to children under 9 if they’ve never had the flu.
What is the function of the first shot of the vaccine

A:To get the body ready for the second shot. B:To trigger the production of antibodies. C:To get the immune system ready to respond. D:To avoid unusual side effects of the vaccine.

Why are two shots thought to be necessary People born after 1957 have not been exposed to a similar virus. The first dose "primes" (使准备好) the immune system to respond, but it’s the second shot that triggers the production of antibodies. This is not unusual. A number of vaccines are given for the first time in multidose series. For example, the seasonal flu vaccine is given in two shots to children under 9 if they’ve never had the flu.
What is the function of the first shot of the vaccine

A:To get the body ready for the second shot. B:To trigger the production of antibodies. C:To get the immune system ready to respond. D:To avoid unusual side effects of the vaccin

My father died when l was a few months old．After his death，my mother moved back to Louis,ville，Kentucky，where she had grown up．We lived in a small house with her older sister，Marion，and their mother．This was a time when being a single l6 was still considered unusual． When l was small，there was a children’S book called The Happy Family，and it was a realpiece of work．Dad worked all day log at the office，Mom cooked in the kitchen，and brother and sister always had friends sleeping over．The image of the family in this book was typical(典型的)of the time． It looked l7 like my family，but luckily that wasn’t the way I heard it．The way my Aunt Marion read it to me made the story really 18 ． Kind—hearted and openminded，my aunt was the one who played baseball with me，who took me horseback riding，who took me to the father—son dinners and who gave me lessons on how to drive．Believing that anything 19 badly good for，she 20 to get a loan(贷款)SO that I could go to Africa to work as a volunteer，which was my most important experience． As a young girl，Aunt Marion always planned to have a large number of children of her own，but she never got married．This 21 that she was free to spend all her time taking care of me．Many people say we have a lot in common．She always 22 me to do my best．She never 23 to make me believe that I could do anything that l wanted with my life．if I only tried hard enough． For more than sixty years，Aunt Marion didn’t and still don’t think of herself．24 she is forced to come up to the front，my aunt will stand in the back in family photos，and she doesn’t think that her efforts have made much 25 ．I honor my aunt，who taught me the things my father couldn’t．So every June for the past 40 years，in growing thankfulness to my Aunt Marion，I’ve senther a Father’S Day card．

A:interesting B:pleasant C:impossible D:unusual

My father died when l was a few months old．After his death，my mother moved back to Louis,ville，Kentucky，where she had grown up．We lived in a small house with her older sister，Marion，and their mother．This was a time when being a single l6 was still considered unusual． When l was small，there was a children’S book called The Happy Family，and it was a realpiece of work．Dad worked all day log at the office，Mom cooked in the kitchen，and brother and sister always had friends sleeping over．The image of the family in this book was typical(典型的)of the time． It looked l7 like my family，but luckily that wasn’t the way I heard it．The way my Aunt Marion read it to me made the story really 18 ． Kind—hearted and openminded，my aunt was the one who played baseball with me，who took me horseback riding，who took me to the father—son dinners and who gave me lessons on how to drive．Believing that anything 19 badly good for，she 20 to get a loan(贷款)SO that I could go to Africa to work as a volunteer，which was my most important experience． As a young girl，Aunt Marion always planned to have a large number of children of her own，but she never got married．This 21 that she was free to spend all her time taking care of me．Many people say we have a lot in common．She always 22 me to do my best．She never 23 to make me believe that I could do anything that l wanted with my life．if I only tried hard enough． For more than sixty years，Aunt Marion didn’t and still don’t think of herself．24 she is forced to come up to the front，my aunt will stand in the back in family photos，and she doesn’t think that her efforts have made much 25 ．I honor my aunt，who taught me the things my father couldn’t．So every June for the past 40 years，in growing thankfulness to my Aunt Marion，I’ve senther a Father’S Day card．

A:interesting B:pleasant C:impossible D:unusual

My father died when l was a few months old．After his death，my mother moved back to Louis,ville，Kentucky，where she had grown up．We lived in a small house with her older sister，Marion，and their mother．This was a time when being a single l6 was still considered unusual． When l was small，there was a children’S book called The Happy Family，and it was a realpiece of work．Dad worked all day log at the office，Mom cooked in the kitchen，and brother and sister always had friends sleeping over．The image of the family in this book was typical(典型的)of the time． It looked l7 like my family，but luckily that wasn’t the way I heard it．The way my Aunt Marion read it to me made the story really 18 ． Kind—hearted and openminded，my aunt was the one who played baseball with me，who took me horseback riding，who took me to the father—son dinners and who gave me lessons on how to drive．Believing that anything 19 badly good for，she 20 to get a loan(贷款)SO that I could go to Africa to work as a volunteer，which was my most important experience． As a young girl，Aunt Marion always planned to have a large number of children of her own，but she never got married．This 21 that she was free to spend all her time taking care of me．Many people say we have a lot in common．She always 22 me to do my best．She never 23 to make me believe that I could do anything that l wanted with my life．if I only tried hard enough． For more than sixty years，Aunt Marion didn’t and still don’t think of herself．24 she is forced to come up to the front，my aunt will stand in the back in family photos，and she doesn’t think that her efforts have made much 25 ．I honor my aunt，who taught me the things my father couldn’t．So every June for the past 40 years，in growing thankfulness to my Aunt Marion，I’ve senther a Father’S Day card．

A:interesting B:pleasant C:impossible D:unusual