单选集
单选集
War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1) of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2) acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3) with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5) animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6) evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be
(7) reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8) to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9) : It is a strategy for (10) the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11) .
The violence within society is controlled through (12) of law. The more developed a (13) system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14) to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15) the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16) .The society assumes the responsibility for (17) individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18) punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19) by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20) the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.
A:diluted B:dissolved C:diffused D:dispersed
War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1) of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2) acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3) with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5) animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6) evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be (7) reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8) to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9) : It is a strategy for (10) the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11) .
The violence within society is controlled through (12) of law. The more developed a (13) system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14) to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15) the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16) The society assumes the responsibility for (17) individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18) punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19) by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20) the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.
A:diluted B:dissolved C:diffused D:dispersed
War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1) of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2) acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3) with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5) animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6) evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be (7) reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8) to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9) : It is a strategy for (10) the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11) .
The violence within society is controlled through (12) of law. The more developed a (13) system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14) to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15) the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16) The society assumes the responsibility for (17) individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18) punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19) by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20) the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.
A:diluted B:dissolved C:diffused D:dispersed
War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1) of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2) acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3) with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5) animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6) evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be
(7) reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8) to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9) : It is a strategy for (10) the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11) .
The violence within society is controlled through (12) of law. The more developed a (13) system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14) to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15) the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16) .The society assumes the responsibility for (17) individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18) punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19) by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20) the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.
A:diluted B:dissolved C:diffused D:dispersed
(46) When Newman prepared his discourses, the view that a university was more than a place for teaching universal knowledge, that it was also a place for professional education and primarily a place for the "endowment of learning" or research, was prevalent enough for him to reassert the older Oxford position. He was aware of the pressure being exerted on Oxford and Cambridge to provide greater opportunities for teaching that was related to investigation and not to character formation. (47) For centuries scholars and scientists had sought openings within universities for work that was not necessarily directly related to the teaching of young persons or at least teaching dominated by literary, theological and mathematical subjects. There were some successes, and new histories of Oxford and Cambridge universities are uncovering more. Even within the collegiate system, where teaching tutors rather than research professors predominated, research was never altogether out of the question for universities. (48) A life spent in teaching will at some point shade over into research, or perhaps it is better to say "study," since research is systematic study in a given area of knowledge and its subsequent dissemination, although not necessarily through the medium of the lecture hall. But although university professors wrote books, some of them original treatises and not texts, and learned papers were produced by classicists, philosophers and scientists, the overall intellectual environment was as Newman wished, whether in England or Scotland. The research function had not been raised to the level of an ideology. There was no strong culture of research that put a premium on originality and stressed the importance of discovery and a division of intellectual labour. It was not an era of Ph.D. candidates and graduate schools, extra-mural grants and contract research. University appointments were not made because potential fellows and chairholders were evaluated for their original contributions to knowledge or could be praised for being on the cutting edge of intellectual life. (49) Learned. yes; but that most often meant an impressive command of existing knowledge with no expectation that scholarly work of seminal importance to a particular field of inquiry was some day likely to emerge and—most importantly—be systematically diffused. The principal institutional victories of Victorian researchers and their predecessors lay elsewhere, in the creation of learned societies, botanical gardens, museums, libraries and specialized institutions.
If the "object" of a university "was ... scientific and philosophical discovery, I do not see why a university should have students," wrote Newman. The teaching of students had assumed new importance during Newman’s lifetime. In arguing for the traditional view that research, while a possible function for universities, should always be secondary, Newman was reflecting important internal transformations that had occurred in his youth. (50) The new examinations culture introduced at Oxford by the reforms of 1800 and developed earlier at Cambridge had reinforced teaching and strengthened the hold of colleges on the university’s pedagogical mission, and a new generation of students, of which Newman was one, had in effect demanded more attention from dons and stimulated many of the changes that improved the intellectual standing of the ancient universities of England.
这些人学识渊博，这是真的；但是这通常意味着他们对现存知识了解深入、精通掌握，并不指望对某个特殊领域知识的探索具有重大创造性作用的学术成果很可能会在将来出现，而且更为重要的是，这种学术成果会得到系统普及。
War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1) of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2) acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3) with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5) animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6) evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be (7) reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8) to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9) : It is a strategy for (10) the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11) .
The violence within society is controlled through (12) of law. The more developed a (13) system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14) to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15) the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16) The society assumes the responsibility for (17) individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18) punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19) by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20) the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.
A:diluted B:dissolved C:diffused D:dispersed
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for
each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
| Punishment depends as much on politics
as it does on crime: crime rates have been stable in recent years but there’ s
been a striking increase in the prison population, And because populism is
coming so much to (1) the political agendas, politicians are
advocating sharp increases in penalties to take (2) of
public unease. The question is how far this will get. In the 21st century weak
governments might try to win legitimacy by being especially (3)
on crime. That could mean high prison populations and draconian
(4) such as those adopted in the United States in recent
years. Luckily, there remain significant differences between the UK and the USA: social divisions are less extreme and racial (5) are not as high. (6) there is a great deal of minor violent crime here, rates of murder— (7) particularly fuel public anxieties—are much (8) because guns have not been so widely (9) . It’ s unlikely that this will change greatly: the (10) to tighten up the gun laws in Britain will continue ,and all (11) the toughest criminals will still have a view about what is and what isn’t "acceptable violence. So I don’ t believe we will see a huge (12) in violent crime, but I (13) rates of property crime and crimes of opportunity to remain high. There will also be much more electronic fraud because it’ s so hard to (14) and prevent. This is an important problem for business, but not one that (15) much popular agitation. It’ s unlikely we’ll see the return of the death penalty: the police are (16) about its effectiveness and its reintroduction would be highly problematic (17) the recent Council of Europe protocol outlawing its use. (18) punishment remains a pretty accurate temperature gauge, though: (19) there is significant political pressure for the death penalty, it’ s a (20) of harsher attitudes towards crime generally. |
A:diffused B:dispersed C:divided D:defected
Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER ISHEET 1. The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) this is largely because, (2) animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) , we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) human smells even when these are. (8) to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9) others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate. (10) smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it (14) to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) new receptors if necessary. This may (16) explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells--we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.8（ ）A:diluted B:dissolved C:dispersed D:diffused
Questions 30 to 34 are based on the following passage.
One phase of the business cycle is the expansion phase. This phase is a two-fold one, including recovery and prosperity. During the recovery there is every-growing expansion of existing facilities, and new facilities for production are created. More businesses are created and older ones expanded. Improvements of various kinds are made. There is an ever increasing optimism about the future of economic growth. Much Capital is invested in machinery and "heavy" industry. More labor is employed. More raw materials are required. As one part of the economy develops, other parts are affected. For example, a great expansion in automobiles result in an expansion of the steel, glass, and rubber industries. Roads are required; thus the cement and machinery industries are stimulated. Demand for labor and materials results in greater prosperity for workers and suppliers of raw materials, including farmers. This increases purchasing power and the volume of goods bought and sold. Thus prosperity is diffused among the vaious segments of the population. This prosperity period may continue to rise and rise without an apparent end. However, a time coms when this phase reaches a peak and stops spiraling upwards. This is the end of the expansion phase.
A:cyclical industries B:union demands C:the higher cost of living D:the recession period
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