Income

    Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely 1, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income 2. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for 3 wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.

    Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.

    On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds 4 is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to 5 the economy.

    The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks 6. The money that individuals are left with 7 after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

词汇：

GNP(Gross National Product)国民生产总值 indirect taxes 间接税

sales taxes 销售税 property taxes 财产税 excise taxes 消费税

corporation profit taxes 公司利润税 dividend ["dɪvɪdend]红利;股息;债息

social security (美国的)社会保障制度;社会保险(制度);社会保险金

withhold [wɪð"həʊld] 使停止;阻挡;拒给;隐瞒;克制

disposable [dɪˈspəʊzəbl]可自由使用的;可任意处理的

注释：

1.namely：即；也就是。例如：Only one boy was absent，namely Harry.只有一个男孩缺席，那就是哈里。
2.…thus is not counted as income…：……因此不能算收入……count可作动词和不及物动词。例如：There will be ten guests，not counting the children.孩子不算，将有10个客人。
3.go for…：用于
4.interest received on government bonds…：政府债券所得利息……
5.furnishes a service to…：对……提供服务
6.…because it is withheld from their paychecks.：……因为它从他们的工资卡上被扣除了。
7.The money that individuals are left with…：个人余留下来的钱……

Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?

A:GNP equals national income plus indirect business taxes B:GNP excludes both capital consumption allowances and indirect business taxes C:Personal income is regarded as the total money income received by an individual after hisor her taxes are paid D:The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income

路由表项分为三类：direct、indirect和default如果源和目的地不在同一物理网络中，并且指明了目的地，那么将访问（）路由表项。

A:direct B:indirect C:default D:都不访问

Indirect agglutination

Indirect recognition

During a project the scope of a product purchased on a cost reimbursable contract has increased. In the contract the fee to cover the contractor's indirect costs and allow a profit is calculated as 20% of the direct costs. What is most likely to be true ？（）

A:The contractor's indirect costs will increase and the customer's payment for them will increase, too. B:The contractor's indirect costs will increase but the eLlstomer's payment for them will not increase. C:Neither the contractor's indirect costs nor the customer's payment for them will increase. D:The contractor's indirect costs will not increase but the customer's payment for them will increase.

During a project the scope of a product purchased on a cost reimbursable contract has increased．In the contract the fee to cover the contractor's indirect costs and allow a profit is calculated as 20% of the direct costs．What is most likely to be true ？（）

A:The contractor's indirect costs will increase and the customer's payment for them will increase，too B:The contractor's indirect costs will increase but the eLlstomer's payment for them will not increase C:Neither the contractor's indirect costs nor the customer's payment for them will increase D:The contractor's indirect costs will not increase but the customer's payment for them will increase

During a project the scope of a product purchased on a cost reimbursable contract has increased．In the contract the fee to cover the contractor's indirect costs and allow a profit is calculated as 20% of the direct costs．What is most likely to be true ？（）

A:The contractor's indirect costs will increase and the customer's payment for them will increase，to B:The contractor's indirect costs will increase but the eLlstomer's payment for them will not increas C:Neither the contractor's indirect costs nor the customer's payment for them will increas D:The contractor's indirect costs will not increase but the customer's payment for them will increas

间接排序(indirect ordination)

间接标价法(Indirect Quotation)

indirect speech act

According to Searle, indirect speech acts refers to the kind of speech acts, or illocutionary acts, in which one illocutionary act is performed by way of performing another. For example, the sentence "Could you do this for me", in spite of the meaning of the lexical items and the interrogative illocutionary force-indicating devices is not characteristically uttered as a subjunctive question concerning your abilities; it is characteristically uttered as a request.