单选集
单选集
Mind-reading1 Machine
A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what’s happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.
The fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood — and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers’ brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers’ brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples.
词汇：
scan /skAn/ v. &n. 扫描
neuron /5njuErCn/ n. 神经元
visualize /5vIzjJElaIz/ v.使可见；设想
注释:
1. Mind-reading: 能读出（猜出）人的想法的。 mind-read: 可做动词，如， As a successful salesman, he is able to mind-read his customers.
2. FMRI（functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging）：功能性磁振造影。这是一种新兴的神经影像学方式，其原理是利用磁振造影来测量神经元活动所引发之血液动力的改变。
3. visualize: 意为 make（something）visible to the eye，即“使可见，使显现 ”。
Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A:Ceils in your brain are called neurons. B:The more oxygen a neuron consumes, the more blood it needs. C:fMRI helps scientists to discover which parts of the brain process information. D:fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently.
Many Benefit from Cancer Organization
1. Do you know a child who survived leukemia? Do you have a mother, sister or aunt whose breast cancer was found early thanks to a mammogram? Do you have a friend or coworker who quit smoking to reduce their risk of lung cancer? Each of these individuals benefited from the American Cancer Society’s research program.
2. Each day scientists supported by the American Cancer Society work to find breakthroughs that will take us one step closer to a cure.1 The American Cancer Society has long recognized that research holds the ultimate answers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.2
3. As the largest source of nonprofit cancer research funds in the United States, the American Cancer Society devotes over $100 million each year to research. Since 1946，they’ve invested more than $2.4 billion in research. The investment has paid rich dividends3 ：In 1946，only one in four cancer patients was alive five years after diagnosis; today 60 percent live longer than five years.
4. Investigators and health professionals in universities, research institutes and hospitals throughout the country receive grants from the American Cancer Society. Of the more than 1,300 new applications received each year, only 11 percent can be funded. If the American Cancer Society had more money available for research funding, nearly 200 more applications considered outstanding could be funded each year:
5. You can help fund more of these applications by participating in the American Cancer Society Relay for Life, a team event to fight cancer. More funding means more cancer breakthroughs and more lives being saved. To learn more, call Donna Hood, chair with the Neosho Relay for Life of the American Cancer Society at 451–4880.
词汇：
leukemia /lʊ"kimɪə/ n.白血病
breast /brest/ n.乳房;乳腺
mammogram /"mæməgræm/ n.乳腺X光照片
relay /"riːleɪ/ n.接力
nonprofit /,nɑn"prɑfɪt/ adj.非营利的
dividend /"dɪvɪdend/ n.回报,效益
coworker /"kəu,wə:kə/n. 一起工作的人,同事
注释：
1.Each day scientists supported by the American Cancer Society work to find breakthroughs that will take us one step closer to a cure.每天,得到美国癌症协会资助的科学家们都在为更进一步接近有效疗法而不停地工作。
2.The American Cancer Society has long recognized that research holds the ultimate answers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.美国癌症协会很久以来便认识到,预防、诊断与治疗癌症的最终答案取决于科研。
3.has paid rich dividends:产生了丰厚的效益A lack of fundingB many cancer patients
C more lives being saved
D more than five years
E the ultimate answers
F more fundingMore cancer breakthroughs can be made with __________.
A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F G:G H:H
Modern Sun Worshippers
People travel for a lot of reasons. Some tourists go to see battlefields or religious shrines 1. Others are looking for culture, or simply want to have their pictures taken 2 in front of famous places. But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on 3.
Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot of inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it 4. Residents of cities like London,Copenhagen, andAmsterdamspend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days are so short, and much of the rest of the year in the rain 5. This is the reason theMediterranean 6 has always attracted them. Every summer, more than 25 million people travel to Mediterranean resorts 7 and beaches for their vacation. They all come for the same reason: sun!
The huge crowds mean lots of money for the economies of Mediterranean countries.Italy"s 30,000 hotels are booked solid 8 every summer. And 13 million people camp out on French beaches, parks, and roadsides.Spain"s long sandy coastline attracts more people than anywhere else. 37 million tourists visit yearly, or one tourist for every person living inSpain 9.
But there are signs that the area is getting more tourism than it can handle. TheMediterraneanis already one of the most polluted seas on earth. And with increased tourism ,it"s getting worse. The French can"t figure out 10 what to do with all the garbage left by campers around St. Tropez. And in many places, swimming is dangerous because of pollution.
None of this, however, is spoiling 11 anyone"s fun. TheMediterraneangets more popular every year with tourists. Obviously, they don"t go there for clean water and solitude 12. They tolerate traffic jams 13 and seem to like crowded beaches. They don"t even mind the pollution. No matter how dirty the water is, the coastline still looks beautiful. And as long as 14 the sun shines, it"s still better thanin the cold rain inBerlin,London, orOslo.
词汇：
battlefield / "bætlfi:ld/n．战场，疆场
inconvenience /inkən"vi:njəns/n．带来麻烦的事情，不便
resident /"rezidənt/n．居住者，居民
Copenhagen /,kəupən"heigən/n．哥本哈根（丹麦首都）
Amsterdam /,æmstə"dæm/n．阿姆斯特丹（荷兰首都）
vacation /və"keiʃən/n．假期，休假
coastline /"kəustlain/n．海岸线
tourism / "tuərizm/n．旅游，观光
pollute /pə"lu:t/vt．弄脏，污染
garbage /"ga:bidʒ/n．废物，垃圾
camper /"kæmpə/n．宿营者
Berlin /bə:"lin/n．柏林（德国首都）
Oslo /"ɔzləu/n．奥斯陆（挪威首都）
economy /i"kɔnəmi/n．经济状况，经济；节省，节约
注释：
1.religious shrine：zōng jiāo 圣殿
2.have their pictures taken：请别人为他们照相
3.But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on．但大多数欧洲游客愿意寻找阳光充足的海滩晒日光浴。注意look for和fmd的区别。look for是“找”的过程，常解释为“寻找”,find是“找”的结果，所以常解释为“找到”。不妨体会一下它们的差别：I"ve been looking for my lost watch and haven"t found it yet.
4.Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot of inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it．北欧人心甘情愿花大笔金钱，容忍诸多不便去获得阳光，因为阳光对他们来说太难得了。
5.Residents of cities like London, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam spend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days are so short, and much of the rest of the year in the rain．由于白天很短，像伦敦、哥本哈根和阿姆斯特丹的居民在冬季的大部分时间里，都是在昏暗中度过的，而其余的季节又都是阴雨连绵。这句点出了北欧阴冷潮湿，日短夜长的气候特征，也就解释了欧洲游客执著追求温暖明媚阳光的原因。
6.the Mediterranean：地中海地区
7.resorts：指常去的地方，胜地
8.be booked solid：全部客满
9.37 million tourists visit yearly ,or one tourist for every person living in Spain．每年有3 700多万游客，换句话说，旅游者与西班牙居民人数相当，即为1:1。
10.figure out：此处指“想出”，它还有“算出；明白；断定”等意。
11.spoil：原意为“损坏；宠坏”，此处指“破坏兴致”。
12.solitude：意为“独居，独处”，文中指清静自在。
13.traffic jams：交通堵塞
14.as long as：意为“只要；在……情况下”，引导条件状语从句。又如：I"m happy as long as you are happy.
According to the passage, which of the following countries attracts more tourists than the others?
A:Italy B:Spain C:France D:Greece
Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the UniversityofLeedswas investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction 1, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute inFrance, says that Wignall"s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
词汇：
dioxide [daɪˈɒksaɪd] n. 二氧化物
lava ["lɑ:və] n. 熔岩
Permian [ˈpə:miən] adj. 二叠纪
gigaton ["dʒɪgətʌn] n. 十亿吨梯恩梯
genera ["dʒenərə] n. 种类
dinosaurs ["daɪnəsɔ:z] n. 恐龙
asteroid [ˈæstərɔɪd] n. 小行星
注释：
1.The Permian extinction:二叠纪物种灭绝
Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones？
A:Because they killed off life more easily. B:Because they were brighter. C:Because they were larger. D:Because they were hotter.
New US Plan for Disease Prevention
Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health 1 , Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a$15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease，cancer and diabetes.
The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases 2 - the leading causes of death in the United States——and outlines ways that people Can prevent them，including better diet and increased exercise.
“In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness，disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases, "the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.
The causes are often behavioral——smoking，poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.
“I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future，”Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.
“Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices."
Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351 billion in 2003.
“These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable，yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for US to lead healthier, longer lives，”he said.
The $15 million is slated to go to communities to promote prevention，pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.
Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes，and prevent cancer and strokes.
The money will also go to community organizations，clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.
The American Cancer Society estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening，including Pap tests 3 for cervical cancer, mammograms for breast cancer, colonoscopies, and prostate checks.
If such cancers were all caught by early screening. the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.
词汇：
diabetes [ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z]n. 糖尿病
initiative [ɪ"nɪʃətɪv] n.主动的行动，倡议
behavioral [bɪ"heɪvjərəl]adj. 行为方面的
escalate ["eskəleɪt]vi. 逐步上升;逐步增强
slate [sleɪt]vt. 预定，规划
nutritionist [njuˈtrɪʃənɪst]n. 营养学家
cervical ["sɜ:vɪkl]adj. 子宫颈的
mammogram ["mæməɡræm]n. 乳房X射线照片
colonoscopy[ˌkəʊlənə"skɒpɪ]n.结肠镜检查
prostate [ˈprɒsteɪt]adj. 前列腺的
注释：
1.take responsibility for their health:对自己的健康负责
2.The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases…：这一行动强调了慢性病的代价……
3.Pap test(=Papanicolaou test)：巴氏试验（一种检查早期癌变的方法）
The article indicates that more money spent on disease prevention will mean____
A:greater responsibility of the government B:much less money needed for disease treatment C:higher costs of health care D:more lifestyle choices for people
Modern Sun Worshippers
People travel for a lot of reasons. Some tourists go to see battlefields or religious shrines 1. Others are looking for culture, or simply want to have their pictures taken 2 in front of famous places. But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on 3.
Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot of inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it 4. Residents of cities like London,Copenhagen, andAmsterdamspend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days are so short, and much of the rest of the year in the rain 5. This is the reason theMediterranean 6 has always attracted them. Every summer, more than 25 million people travel to Mediterranean resorts 7 and beaches for their vacation. They all come for the same reason: sun!
The huge crowds mean lots of money for the economies of Mediterranean countries.Italy"s 30,000 hotels are booked solid 8 every summer. And 13 million people camp out on French beaches, parks, and roadsides.Spain"s long sandy coastline attracts more people than anywhere else. 37 million tourists visit yearly, or one tourist for every person living inSpain 9.
But there are signs that the area is getting more tourism than it can handle. TheMediterraneanis already one of the most polluted seas on earth. And with increased tourism ,it"s getting worse. The French can"t figure out 10 what to do with all the garbage left by campers around St. Tropez. And in many places, swimming is dangerous because of pollution.
None of this, however, is spoiling 11 anyone"s fun. TheMediterraneangets more popular every year with tourists. Obviously, they don"t go there for clean water and solitude 12. They tolerate traffic jams 13 and seem to like crowded beaches. They don"t even mind the pollution. No matter how dirty the water is, the coastline still looks beautiful. And as long as 14 the sun shines, it"s still better thanin the cold rain inBerlin,London, orOslo.
词汇：
battlefield / "bætlfi:ld/n．战场，疆场
inconvenience /inkən"vi:njəns/n．带来麻烦的事情，不便
resident /"rezidənt/n．居住者，居民
Copenhagen /,kəupən"heigən/n．哥本哈根（丹麦首都）
Amsterdam /,æmstə"dæm/n．阿姆斯特丹（荷兰首都）
vacation /və"keiʃən/n．假期，休假
coastline /"kəustlain/n．海岸线
tourism / "tuərizm/n．旅游，观光
pollute /pə"lu:t/vt．弄脏，污染
garbage /"ga:bidʒ/n．废物，垃圾
camper /"kæmpə/n．宿营者
Berlin /bə:"lin/n．柏林（德国首都）
Oslo /"ɔzləu/n．奥斯陆（挪威首都）
economy /i"kɔnəmi/n．经济状况，经济；节省，节约
注释：
1.religious shrine：zōng jiāo 圣殿
2.have their pictures taken：请别人为他们照相
3.But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on．但大多数欧洲游客愿意寻找阳光充足的海滩晒日光浴。注意look for和fmd的区别。look for是“找”的过程，常解释为“寻找”,find是“找”的结果，所以常解释为“找到”。不妨体会一下它们的差别：I"ve been looking for my lost watch and haven"t found it yet.
4.Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot of inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it．北欧人心甘情愿花大笔金钱，容忍诸多不便去获得阳光，因为阳光对他们来说太难得了。
5.Residents of cities like London, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam spend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days are so short, and much of the rest of the year in the rain．由于白天很短，像伦敦、哥本哈根和阿姆斯特丹的居民在冬季的大部分时间里，都是在昏暗中度过的，而其余的季节又都是阴雨连绵。这句点出了北欧阴冷潮湿，日短夜长的气候特征，也就解释了欧洲游客执著追求温暖明媚阳光的原因。
6.the Mediterranean：地中海地区
7.resorts：指常去的地方，胜地
8.be booked solid：全部客满
9.37 million tourists visit yearly ,or one tourist for every person living in Spain．每年有3 700多万游客，换句话说，旅游者与西班牙居民人数相当，即为1:1。
10.figure out：此处指“想出”，它还有“算出；明白；断定”等意。
11.spoil：原意为“损坏；宠坏”，此处指“破坏兴致”。
12.solitude：意为“独居，独处”，文中指清静自在。
13.traffic jams：交通堵塞
14.as long as：意为“只要；在……情况下”，引导条件状语从句。又如：I"m happy as long as you are happy.
According to the passage, which of the following countries attracts more tourists than the others?
A:Italy B:Spain C:France D:Greece
Modern Sun Worshippers
People travel for a lot of reasons. Some tourists go to see battlefields or religious shrines 1. Others are looking for culture, or simply want to have their pictures taken 2 in front of famous places. But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on 3.
Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot of inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it 4. Residents of cities like London,Copenhagen, andAmsterdamspend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days are so short, and much of the rest of the year in the rain 5. This is the reason theMediterranean 6 has always attracted them. Every summer, more than 25 million people travel to Mediterranean resorts 7 and beaches for their vacation. They all come for the same reason: sun!
The huge crowds mean lots of money for the economies of Mediterranean countries.Italy"s 30,000 hotels are booked solid 8 every summer. And 13 million people camp out on French beaches, parks, and roadsides.Spain"s long sandy coastline attracts more people than anywhere else. 37 million tourists visit yearly, or one tourist for every person living inSpain 9.
But there are signs that the area is getting more tourism than it can handle. TheMediterraneanis already one of the most polluted seas on earth. And with increased tourism ,it"s getting worse. The French can"t figure out 10 what to do with all the garbage left by campers around St. Tropez. And in many places, swimming is dangerous because of pollution.
None of this, however, is spoiling 11 anyone"s fun. TheMediterraneangets more popular every year with tourists. Obviously, they don"t go there for clean water and solitude 12. They tolerate traffic jams 13 and seem to like crowded beaches. They don"t even mind the pollution. No matter how dirty the water is, the coastline still looks beautiful. And as long as 14 the sun shines, it"s still better thanin the cold rain inBerlin,London, orOslo.
词汇：
battlefield / "bætlfi:ld/n．战场，疆场
inconvenience /inkən"vi:njəns/n．带来麻烦的事情，不便
resident /"rezidənt/n．居住者，居民
Copenhagen /,kəupən"heigən/n．哥本哈根（丹麦首都）
Amsterdam /,æmstə"dæm/n．阿姆斯特丹（荷兰首都）
vacation /və"keiʃən/n．假期，休假
coastline /"kəustlain/n．海岸线
tourism / "tuərizm/n．旅游，观光
pollute /pə"lu:t/vt．弄脏，污染
garbage /"ga:bidʒ/n．废物，垃圾
camper /"kæmpə/n．宿营者
Berlin /bə:"lin/n．柏林（德国首都）
Oslo /"ɔzləu/n．奥斯陆（挪威首都）
economy /i"kɔnəmi/n．经济状况，经济；节省，节约
注释：
1.religious shrine：zōng jiāo 圣殿
2.have their pictures taken：请别人为他们照相
3.But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on．但大多数欧洲游客愿意寻找阳光充足的海滩晒日光浴。注意look for和fmd的区别。look for是“找”的过程，常解释为“寻找”,find是“找”的结果，所以常解释为“找到”。不妨体会一下它们的差别：I"ve been looking for my lost watch and haven"t found it yet.
4.Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot of inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it．北欧人心甘情愿花大笔金钱，容忍诸多不便去获得阳光，因为阳光对他们来说太难得了。
5.Residents of cities like London, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam spend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days are so short, and much of the rest of the year in the rain．由于白天很短，像伦敦、哥本哈根和阿姆斯特丹的居民在冬季的大部分时间里，都是在昏暗中度过的，而其余的季节又都是阴雨连绵。这句点出了北欧阴冷潮湿，日短夜长的气候特征，也就解释了欧洲游客执著追求温暖明媚阳光的原因。
6.the Mediterranean：地中海地区
7.resorts：指常去的地方，胜地
8.be booked solid：全部客满
9.37 million tourists visit yearly ,or one tourist for every person living in Spain．每年有3 700多万游客，换句话说，旅游者与西班牙居民人数相当，即为1:1。
10.figure out：此处指“想出”，它还有“算出；明白；断定”等意。
11.spoil：原意为“损坏；宠坏”，此处指“破坏兴致”。
12.solitude：意为“独居，独处”，文中指清静自在。
13.traffic jams：交通堵塞
14.as long as：意为“只要；在……情况下”，引导条件状语从句。又如：I"m happy as long as you are happy.
According to the passage, which of the following countries attracts more tourists than the others?
A:Italy B:Spain C:France D:Greece
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