{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Humour{{/B}} ? ?Humour, which ought to give rise to only the most light-hearted and gay feelings, can of- ten stir up vehemence and animosity. Evidently it is dearer to us than we realize. Men will take almost any kind of criticism except the observation that they have no sense of humour. A man will admit to being a coward or a liar or a thief or a poor mechanic or a bad swimmer, but tell him he has a dreadful sense of humour and you might as well have slandered his mother. Even if he is civilized enough to pretend to make light of your statement, he will still secretly believe that he has not only a good sense of humour but are superior to most. He has, in other words, a completely blind spot on the subject. This is all the more surprising when you consider that not one man in ten million can give you any kind of intelligent answer as to what humour is or why he laughs. ? ?One day when I was about twelve years old, it occurred to me to wonder about the phenomenon of laughter. At first I thought it is easy enough to see what I laugh at and why I am amused, but why at such times do I open my mouth and exhale in jerking gasps and wrinkle up my eyes and throw back my head and halloo like an animal? Why do I not instead rap four times on the top of my head or whistle or whirl about? ? ?That was over twenty years ago and I am still wondering, except that I now no longer even take my first assumption for granted, I no longer clearly understand why I laugh at what amuses me nor why things are amusing. I have illustrious company in my confusion, of course. Many of the great minds, of history have brought their power of concentration to bear on the mystery of humour, and, to date, their conclusions are so contradictory and ephemeral that they cannot possibly be classified as scientific. ? ?Many definitions of the comic are incomplete and many are simply rewording of things we already know. Aristotle, for example, defined the ridiculous as that which is incongruous but represents neither danger nor pain. But that seems to me to be a most inadequate sort of observation, for of at this minute I insert here the word rutabagas, I have introduced something in congruous, something not funny. ?Of course, it must be admitted that Aristotle did not claim that every painless in congruity is ridiculous but as soon as we have gone as far as this admission, we begin to see that we have come to grips with a ghost when we think have it pinned, it suddenly appears behind us, mocking us. ? ?An all-embracing definition of humour has been attempted by many philosophers, but no definition, no formula had ever been devised that is entirely satisfactory. Aristotle’s definition has come to be known loosely as the "disappointment" theory, or the "frustrated expectation", but he also, discussed another theory borrowed in part from Plato which states that the pleasure we derive in laughing is an enjoyment of the misfortune of others, due to a momentary feeling of superiority or gratified vanity in appreciation of the fact that we ourselves are not in the observed predicament.

{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Humour{{/B}} ? ?Humour, which ought to give rise to only the most light-hearted and gay feelings, can of- ten stir up vehemence and animosity. Evidently it is dearer to us than we realize. Men will take almost any kind of criticism except the observation that they have no sense of humour. A man will admit to being a coward or a liar or a thief or a poor mechanic or a bad swimmer, but tell him he has a dreadful sense of humour and you might as well have slandered his mother. Even if he is civilized enough to pretend to make light of your statement, he will still secretly believe that he has not only a good sense of humour but are superior to most. He has, in other words, a completely blind spot on the subject. This is all the more surprising when you consider that not one man in ten million can give you any kind of intelligent answer as to what humour is or why he laughs. ? ?One day when I was about twelve years old, it occurred to me to wonder about the phenomenon of laughter. At first I thought it is easy enough to see what I laugh at and why I am amused, but why at such times do I open my mouth and exhale in jerking gasps and wrinkle up my eyes and throw back my head and halloo like an animal? Why do I not instead rap four times on the top of my head or whistle or whirl about? ? ?That was over twenty years ago and I am still wondering, except that I now no longer even take my first assumption for granted, I no longer clearly understand why I laugh at what amuses me nor why things are amusing. I have illustrious company in my confusion, of course. Many of the great minds, of history have brought their power of concentration to bear on the mystery of humour, and, to date, their conclusions are so contradictory and ephemeral that they cannot possibly be classified as scientific. ? ?Many definitions of the comic are incomplete and many are simply rewording of things we already know. Aristotle, for example, defined the ridiculous as that which is incongruous but represents neither danger nor pain. But that seems to me to be a most inadequate sort of observation, for of at this minute I insert here the word rutabagas, I have introduced something in congruous, something not funny. ?Of course, it must be admitted that Aristotle did not claim that every painless in congruity is ridiculous but as soon as we have gone as far as this admission, we begin to see that we have come to grips with a ghost when we think have it pinned, it suddenly appears behind us, mocking us. ? ?An all-embracing definition of humour has been attempted by many philosophers, but no definition, no formula had ever been devised that is entirely satisfactory. Aristotle’s definition has come to be known loosely as the "disappointment" theory, or the "frustrated expectation", but he also, discussed another theory borrowed in part from Plato which states that the pleasure we derive in laughing is an enjoyment of the misfortune of others, due to a momentary feeling of superiority or gratified vanity in appreciation of the fact that we ourselves are not in the observed predicament.

{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Supermarket{{/B}}
? ?Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise,{{U}} ?(46) ?{{/U}}.
? ?The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need light levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.
? ?Supermarkets originated in the early 1930s. They were established by independents{{U}} ?(47) ?{{/U}}. Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.
? ?Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different names are used to distinguish these institutions{{U}} ?(48) ?{{/U}}.
? ?A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood items{{U}} ?(49) ?{{/U}}. Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.
? ?Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore. They, too, offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. Some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Savon.
? ?For many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors. For example, a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (warehouse stores, gourmet shops, meat and fish markets, and convenience stores). Supermarkets have reacted to competitive pressures{{U}} ?(50) ?{{/U}}: Some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services. Others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores), groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group, for example), and various service departments (including video rentals, restaurants, delicatessens, financial institutions, and pharmacies).
? ?A．by size and assortment
? ?B．than a conventional supermarket does
? ?C．including building materials, office products, and, of course, groceries
? ?D．attracting more customers with their low prices
? ?E．primarily in either of two ways
? ?F．to compete with grocery chains

{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Supermarket{{/B}}
? ?Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise,{{U}} ?(46) ?{{/U}}.
? ?The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need light levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.
? ?Supermarkets originated in the early 1930s. They were established by independents{{U}} ?(47) ?{{/U}}. Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.
? ?Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different names are used to distinguish these institutions{{U}} ?(48) ?{{/U}}.
? ?A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood items{{U}} ?(49) ?{{/U}}. Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.
? ?Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore. They, too, offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. Some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Savon.
? ?For many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors. For example, a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (warehouse stores, gourmet shops, meat and fish markets, and convenience stores). Supermarkets have reacted to competitive pressures{{U}} ?(50) ?{{/U}}: Some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services. Others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores), groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group, for example), and various service departments (including video rentals, restaurants, delicatessens, financial institutions, and pharmacies).
? ?A．by size and assortment
? ?B．than a conventional supermarket does
? ?C．including building materials, office products, and, of course, groceries
? ?D．attracting more customers with their low prices
? ?E．primarily in either of two ways
? ?F．to compete with grocery chains

{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?A Most Important Period in Greek{{/B}} ? ?One of the most important periods in Greek history was the Hellenistic Age which began after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B. C., and lasted almost 200 years. It was during this time in history that Greek ideas and Greek culture spread into Egypt and throughout the Near East. A Greek state even existed{{U}} ?(51) ?{{/U}}India. During the Hellenistic Age, there were great advances{{U}} ?(52) ?{{/U}}in Greek scholarship in such areas as philosophy, science, religion, art and social justice. Important discoveries were made in the{{U}} ?(53) ?{{/U}}. Eratosthenes, for instance, made an accurate calculation{{U}} ?(54) ?{{/U}}the diameter of the earth, while Aristarchus declared that the earth{{U}} ?(55) ?{{/U}}round. Social reformers attempted to{{U}} ?(56) ?{{/U}}debt and{{U}} ?(57) ?{{/U}}a program of land redistribution among the poor hut met with little success. Women achieved a better social{{U}} ?(58) ?{{/U}}and among the middle class education became widespread. ? ?Peace of mind was the great concern of the philosophers of the Hellenistic Age. The Stoics insisted that happiness could be achieved when{{U}} ?(59) ?{{/U}}learned to accept the events which were{{U}} ?(60) ?{{/U}}his control and, at the same time, did his duty. The Epicureans{{U}} ?(61) ?{{/U}}the idea that moderation in pleasure and the avoidance of pain produced the desired result. The Cynics turned away from all desires and pleasures, and{{U}} ?(62) ?{{/U}}pursuit of virtue. In religion, many Greeks{{U}} ?(63) ?{{/U}}the worship of such Egyptian gods as Serapis and Isis. ? ?During the Hellenistic Age, the area of Greek influence included such political powers as the Ptolemies of Egypt, the Seleucids of Syria, the Antigonids of Macedon and the Attalids of Pergamum, and it was their fighting against each other and{{U}} ?(64) ?{{/U}}themselves that{{U}} ?(65) ?{{/U}}the way for the aggressive Romans to conquer Greece and most of the Hellenistic world in the 100’s B.C. The Romans brought the Hellenistic Age to a close when they conquered the last major power, Egypt, in 30 B. C.

{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?A Most Important Period in Greek{{/B}} ? ?One of the most important periods in Greek history was the Hellenistic Age which began after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B. C., and lasted almost 200 years. It was during this time in history that Greek ideas and Greek culture spread into Egypt and throughout the Near East. A Greek state even existed{{U}} ?(51) ?{{/U}}India. During the Hellenistic Age, there were great advances{{U}} ?(52) ?{{/U}}in Greek scholarship in such areas as philosophy, science, religion, art and social justice. Important discoveries were made in the{{U}} ?(53) ?{{/U}}. Eratosthenes, for instance, made an accurate calculation{{U}} ?(54) ?{{/U}}the diameter of the earth, while Aristarchus declared that the earth{{U}} ?(55) ?{{/U}}round. Social reformers attempted to{{U}} ?(56) ?{{/U}}debt and{{U}} ?(57) ?{{/U}}a program of land redistribution among the poor hut met with little success. Women achieved a better social{{U}} ?(58) ?{{/U}}and among the middle class education became widespread. ? ?Peace of mind was the great concern of the philosophers of the Hellenistic Age. The Stoics insisted that happiness could be achieved when{{U}} ?(59) ?{{/U}}learned to accept the events which were{{U}} ?(60) ?{{/U}}his control and, at the same time, did his duty. The Epicureans{{U}} ?(61) ?{{/U}}the idea that moderation in pleasure and the avoidance of pain produced the desired result. The Cynics turned away from all desires and pleasures, and{{U}} ?(62) ?{{/U}}pursuit of virtue. In religion, many Greeks{{U}} ?(63) ?{{/U}}the worship of such Egyptian gods as Serapis and Isis. ? ?During the Hellenistic Age, the area of Greek influence included such political powers as the Ptolemies of Egypt, the Seleucids of Syria, the Antigonids of Macedon and the Attalids of Pergamum, and it was their fighting against each other and{{U}} ?(64) ?{{/U}}themselves that{{U}} ?(65) ?{{/U}}the way for the aggressive Romans to conquer Greece and most of the Hellenistic world in the 100’s B.C. The Romans brought the Hellenistic Age to a close when they conquered the last major power, Egypt, in 30 B. C.

{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?A Most Important Period in Greek{{/B}} ? ?One of the most important periods in Greek history was the Hellenistic Age which began after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B. C., and lasted almost 200 years. It was during this time in history that Greek ideas and Greek culture spread into Egypt and throughout the Near East. A Greek state even existed{{U}} ?(51) ?{{/U}}India. During the Hellenistic Age, there were great advances{{U}} ?(52) ?{{/U}}in Greek scholarship in such areas as philosophy, science, religion, art and social justice. Important discoveries were made in the{{U}} ?(53) ?{{/U}}. Eratosthenes, for instance, made an accurate calculation{{U}} ?(54) ?{{/U}}the diameter of the earth, while Aristarchus declared that the earth{{U}} ?(55) ?{{/U}}round. Social reformers attempted to{{U}} ?(56) ?{{/U}}debt and{{U}} ?(57) ?{{/U}}a program of land redistribution among the poor hut met with little success. Women achieved a better social{{U}} ?(58) ?{{/U}}and among the middle class education became widespread. ? ?Peace of mind was the great concern of the philosophers of the Hellenistic Age. The Stoics insisted that happiness could be achieved when{{U}} ?(59) ?{{/U}}learned to accept the events which were{{U}} ?(60) ?{{/U}}his control and, at the same time, did his duty. The Epicureans{{U}} ?(61) ?{{/U}}the idea that moderation in pleasure and the avoidance of pain produced the desired result. The Cynics turned away from all desires and pleasures, and{{U}} ?(62) ?{{/U}}pursuit of virtue. In religion, many Greeks{{U}} ?(63) ?{{/U}}the worship of such Egyptian gods as Serapis and Isis. ? ?During the Hellenistic Age, the area of Greek influence included such political powers as the Ptolemies of Egypt, the Seleucids of Syria, the Antigonids of Macedon and the Attalids of Pergamum, and it was their fighting against each other and{{U}} ?(64) ?{{/U}}themselves that{{U}} ?(65) ?{{/U}}the way for the aggressive Romans to conquer Greece and most of the Hellenistic world in the 100’s B.C. The Romans brought the Hellenistic Age to a close when they conquered the last major power, Egypt, in 30 B. C.