患者男，40岁，驾驶员。近2年反复发作腰痛，近2个月疼痛放射至左足跟部。CT提示L~S椎间盘突出，突向左后方，压迫神经根，L~L椎间盘轻度膨出。

该患者应诊断为(提示L~S椎间盘突出，突向左后方，压迫神经根，L~L椎间盘轻度膨出。)

A:腰椎间盘突出症（L~S） B:腰椎管狭窄症 C:腰椎滑脱症 D:腰椎间盘突出症（L~S,L~L） E:腰椎间盘突出症（L~L）

The Biology of Music

    Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all  the  answers.

    What are two things that make humans different from animals?  One is language, and me other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that I  humans, not  animals , have  developed  musical  instruments¹.

    Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However,people can use music to   communicate  things - especially  their emotions. When  music  is combined  with  speech  in  a  song .it is  a very powerful form of communication. But,biologically  speaking , what is music?

    If music  is  truly  different from speech,then  we  should process music  and  language  in different  parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.

    Sometime  people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process langua  . However, they don"t automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer,had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or  understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes  strokes cause people to lose their musical ability , but they can still  speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.

    By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about  how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection Music requires special talent, practice, and physicai ability. That"s why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone"s mate. For examplel singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good, memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing  is  in excellent condition. Finally , when a man sings to the woman he loves  ( or vice versa) ,  it may be a way of showing off.

    However , Miller"s theory  still doesn"t explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions  so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly  an  area that needs further research.

 

词汇：

automatically /ˌɔ:təˈmætɪkəlɪ/ adv.  自动地          

note /nəut/ n.音符

stroke [strəuk] n.中风

 

注释：

1.It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer．科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。

 

Humans,but not animals,can sing.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Do animals have a culture What do we mean by "culture" Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have a culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.
Our culture lets us make up for having lost out strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate with language. But these aspects of human behavior, or "culture," can also be found in the lives of certain animals. Animals can make tools, for example. We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees(黑猩猩) can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. Animals can also share knowledge with each other and use their own language to communicate. So it may be important for us to know that the line dividing us from animals is not as clear as we used to think.
A chimpanzee’s use of tools means ______.

A:animals are the same as human beings B:animals can be as clever as human beings C:the dividing line between culture and animal culture no longer exists D:animals may have a culture like our own

Text 1
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains which he himself suffers. Our knowledge of the pains even of other human beings is only an inference from their words, and to a lesser extent their behaviors. Animals cannot tell us what they feel. We can, of course, study their bodily reactions to the kind of stimuli which would be painful to human beings and this has often been done. When such stimuli are applied to animals, their pupils dilate, their pulse rate and blood pressure rise, they may withdraw the stimulated limb and they may make struggling movements. Nevertheless it has been pointed out that none of these reactions can safely be taken as indications that the animal experiences pain because they can all be evoked when the parts of the body stimulated have been isolated from the higher nervous centres. Furthermore, when disease produces such an isolation in human beings the corresponding stimuli are painless. We must therefore look for other evidence as the capacity of animals to experience pain.
Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is a response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals. though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men. The difference between the human and subhuman nervous system lies chiefly in the much greater development of the human forebrain. This would be significant in the present context only if there were reason to believe that it alone was correlated with the occurrence of conscious experiences. But much of our knowledge of the nervous regulation of consciousness is derived from experiments on animals.
In everyday life we take it for granted that animals see and hear, and there seems no reason to suppose that they do not feel pain. So, while the reactions of the pupils, pulse rate and blood pressure mentioned above can in exceptional circumstances occur without the conscious experience of pain, it seems likely that in the intact animal they are indications that pain is being experienced.

The human nervous system differs from that of animals in that（）

A:man has more developed forebrain. B:man can feel pains while animals can't. C:man has different neural structures. D:man's mental life is in nature different from that of animals.

Text 1
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains which he himself suffers. Our knowledge of the pains even of other human beings is only an inference from their words, and to a lesser extent their behaviors. Animals cannot tell us what they feel. We can, of course, study their bodily reactions to the kind of stimuli which would be painful to human beings and this has often been done. When such stimuli are applied to animals, their pupils dilate, their pulse rate and blood pressure rise, they may withdraw the stimulated limb and they may make struggling movements. Nevertheless it has been pointed out that none of these reactions can safely be taken as indications that the animal experiences pain because they can all be evoked when the parts of the body stimulated have been isolated from the higher nervous centres. Furthermore, when disease produces such an isolation in human beings the corresponding stimuli are painless. We must therefore look for other evidence as the capacity of animals to experience pain.
Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is a response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals. though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men. The difference between the human and subhuman nervous system lies chiefly in the much greater development of the human forebrain. This would be significant in the present context only if there were reason to believe that it alone was correlated with the occurrence of conscious experiences. But much of our knowledge of the nervous regulation of consciousness is derived from experiments on animals.
In everyday life we take it for granted that animals see and hear, and there seems no reason to suppose that they do not feel pain. So, while the reactions of the pupils, pulse rate and blood pressure mentioned above can in exceptional circumstances occur without the conscious experience of pain, it seems likely that in the intact animal they are indications that pain is being experienced.

We can conclude from the last paragraph that（）

A:the reactions of the pupils are relevant to pain. B:the fact that animals see and hear has been commonly accepted. C:animals can feel pain in exceptional circumstances. D:it's reasonable to suppose that animals don't feel pain.

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains which he himself suffers. Our knowledge of the pains even of other human beings is only an inference from their words, and to a lesser extent their behaviors. Animals cannot tell us what they feel. We can, of course, study their bodily reactions to the kind of stimuli which would be painful to human beings and this has often been done. When such stimuli are applied to animals, their pupils dilate, their pulse rate and blood pressure rise, they may withdraw the stimulated limb and they may make struggling movements. Nevertheless it has been pointed out that none of these reactions can safely be taken as indications that the animal experiences pain because they can all be evoked when the parts of the body stimulated have been isolated from the higher nervous centres. Furthermore, when disease produces such an isolation in human beings the corresponding stimuli are painless. We must therefore look for other evidence as the capacity of animals to experience pain. Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is a response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals. though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men. The difference between the human and subhuman nervous system lies chiefly in the much greater development of the human forebrain. This would be significant in the present context only if there were reason to believe that it alone was correlated with the occurrence of conscious experiences. But much of our knowledge of the nervous regulation of consciousness is derived from experiments on animals. In everyday life we take it for granted that animals see and hear, and there seems no reason to suppose that they do not feel pain. So, while the reactions of the pupils, pulse rate and blood pressure mentioned above can in exceptional circumstances occur without the conscious experience of pain, it seems likely that in the intact animal they are indications that pain is being experienced.

The human nervous system differs from that of animals in that（）

A:man has more developed forebrain. B:man can feel pains while animals can't. C:man has different neural structures. D:man's mental life is in nature different from that of animals.

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains which he himself suffers. Our knowledge of the pains even of other human beings is only an inference from their words, and to a lesser extent their behaviors. Animals cannot tell us what they feel. We can, of course, study their bodily reactions to the kind of stimuli which would be painful to human beings and this has often been done. When such stimuli are applied to animals, their pupils dilate, their pulse rate and blood pressure rise, they may withdraw the stimulated limb and they may make struggling movements. Nevertheless it has been pointed out that none of these reactions can safely be taken as indications that the animal experiences pain because they can all be evoked when the parts of the body stimulated have been isolated from the higher nervous centres. Furthermore, when disease produces such an isolation in human beings the corresponding stimuli are painless. We must therefore look for other evidence as the capacity of animals to experience pain. Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is a response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals. though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men. The difference between the human and subhuman nervous system lies chiefly in the much greater development of the human forebrain. This would be significant in the present context only if there were reason to believe that it alone was correlated with the occurrence of conscious experiences. But much of our knowledge of the nervous regulation of consciousness is derived from experiments on animals. In everyday life we take it for granted that animals see and hear, and there seems no reason to suppose that they do not feel pain. So, while the reactions of the pupils, pulse rate and blood pressure mentioned above can in exceptional circumstances occur without the conscious experience of pain, it seems likely that in the intact animal they are indications that pain is being experienced.

We can conclude from the last paragraph that（）

A:the reactions of the pupils are relevant to pain. B:the fact that animals see and hear has been commonly accepted. C:animals can feel pain in exceptional circumstances. D:it's reasonable to suppose that animals don't feel pain.