—You haven't been to Beijing, have you
—______. And how I wish to go there again!
A:Yes, I have B:Yes, I haven't C:No, I have D:No, I haven't
Genghis Khan was not one to agonize over gender roles. He was into sex and power, and he didn’t mind saying so. "The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer his enemies and drive them before him." The emperor once thundered. Genghis Khan conquered two thirds of the known world during the early 13th century and he may have set an all-time record for what biologists call reproductive success. An account written 33 years after his death credited him with 20,000 descendants.
Men’s manners have improved markedly since Genghis Khan’s day. At heart, though, we’re the same animals we were 800 years ago, which is to say we are status seekers. We may talk of equality and fraternity. We may strive for classless societies. But we go right on building hierarchies, and jockeying for status within them. Can we abandon the tendency Probably not. As scientists are now discovering, status seeking is not just a habit or a cultural tradition. It’s a design feature of the male psyche--a biological drive that is rooted in the nervous system and regulated by hormones and brain chemicals.
How do we know this relentless one-upmanship is a biological endowment Anthropologists find the same pattern virtually everywhere they 10ok and so do zoologists. Male competition is fierce among crickets, crayfish and elephants, and it’s ubiquitous among higher primates, for example, male chimpanzees have an extraordinarily strong drive for dominance. Coincidence
Evolutionists don’t think so. From their perspective, life is essentially a race to repro-duke, and natural selection is bound to favor different strategies in different organisms. In reproductive terms, they have vastly more to gain from it. A female can’t flood the gene pool by commandeering extra mates; no matter how much sperm she attracts, she is unlikely to produce more than a dozen viable offspring. But as Genghis Khan’s exploits make clear, males can profit enormously by out mating their peers. It’s not hard to see how that dynamic, played out over millions of years, would leave modern men fretting over status. We’re built from the genes that the most determined competitors passed down.
Fortunately, we don’t aspire to families of 800. As monogamy and contraceptives may have leveled the reproductive playfield, power has become its own psychological reward. Those who achieve high status still enjoy more sex with more partners than the rest of us, and the reason is no mystery. Researchers have consistently found that women favor signs of "earning capacity" over good looks. For sheer sex appeal, a doughy (脸色苍白的) bald guy in a Rolex will outscore a stud (非常英俊的男子) in a Burger King uniform almost every time.
It can be inferred from the third paragraph that
A:men are the only animals striving for control. B:chimpanzees are even more fierce in their strive for dominance. C:all mate animals share the same desire for higher status. D:males of lower primates do not have fierce competition.
Text 2
Genghis Khan was not one to agonize
over gender roles. He was into sex and power, and he didn’t mind saying so. "The
greatest joy a man can know is to conquer his enemies and drive them before
him." The emperor once thundered. Genghis Khan conquered two thirds of the known
world during the early 13th century and he may have set an all-time record for
what biologists call reproductive success. An account written 33 years after his
death credited him with 20,000 descendants. Men’s manners have improved markedly since Genghis Khan’s day. At heart, though, we’re the same animals we were 800 years ago, which is to say we are status seekers. We may talk of equality and fraternity. We may strive for classless societies. But we go right on building hierarchies, and jockeying for status within them. Can we abandon the tendency Probably not. As scientists are now discovering, status seeking is not just a habit or a cultural tradition. It’s a design feature of the male psyche--a biological drive that is rooted in the nervous system and regulated by hormones and brain chemicals. How do we know this relentless one-upmanship is a biological endowment Anthropologists find the same pattern virtually everywhere they 10ok and so do zoologists. Male competition is fierce among crickets, crayfish and elephants, and it’s ubiquitous among higher primates, for example, male chimpanzees have an extraordinarily strong drive for dominance. Coincidence Evolutionists don’t think so. From their perspective, life is essentially a race to repro-duke, and natural selection is bound to favor different strategies in different organisms. In reproductive terms, they have vastly more to gain from it. A female can’t flood the gene pool by commandeering extra mates; no matter how much sperm she attracts, she is unlikely to produce more than a dozen viable offspring. But as Genghis Khan’s exploits make clear, males can profit enormously by out mating their peers. It’s not hard to see how that dynamic, played out over millions of years, would leave modern men fretting over status. We’re built from the genes that the most determined competitors passed down. Fortunately, we don’t aspire to families of 800. As monogamy and contraceptives may have leveled the reproductive playfield, power has become its own psychological reward. Those who achieve high status still enjoy more sex with more partners than the rest of us, and the reason is no mystery. Researchers have consistently found that women favor signs of "earning capacity" over good looks. For sheer sex appeal, a doughy (脸色苍白的) bald guy in a Rolex will outscore a stud (非常英俊的男子) in a Burger King uniform almost every time. |
A:men are the only animals striving for control. B:chimpanzees are even more fierce in their strive for dominance. C:all mate animals share the same desire for higher status. D:males of lower primates do not have fierce competition.
For a national of pet-rovers, the British are surprisingly relaxed about the vast numbers of animal experiments that are conducted by its scientists. A dearth of publicity following the jailing of extremists who threatened the livelihoods (and, in other cases, the lives) of those who help provide animals for research may be one reason for the muted response to the recent Home Office announcement that the number of animals used in experiments rose once again last year. But another reason is that Britain already has the most restrictive rules in the world governing the use of animals, which curtail the use of many of the higher-order species for which people feel the greatest empathy, and that most of the research that is done instead involves rodents.
Unlike America, where researchers routinely use chimpanzees to help develop vaccines against diseases such as hepatitis-C and HIV, no experiments of any kind have been conducted on great apes in Britain for more than a decade. Only relatively small numbers of monkeys are used (less than 0.1% of the total number of animals). Nevertheless their use is controversial so, to determine whether it is also worthwhile, Sir Patrick Bateson of the University of Cambridge recently conducted the first ever retrospective study of the use of primates in research, which was published on July 27th.
Sir Patrick examined experiments on some 3,000 monkeys such as the macaque that were conducted over the decade to 2006. The lion’s share involved neurological studies: scientists argue that if they can better understand how the brain works, then they will be better placed to develop ways to stave off degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. They were supervised by 72 people who held a license from the Home Office that allowed them to use primates in research; each experiment had to be licensed, too. And most did indeed help to further knowledge.
However in a disturbing 9 % of cases "no clear scientific, medical or social benefit had emerged" by the time the evaluation was completed. That seems rather a lot of unnecessary pain and distress, as Sir Patrick acknowledges. Yet his colleague Sir Mark Walport of the Wellcome Trust, which funds medical research, points out that all scientific research carries a risk that it will reveal nothing novel, and that the fact that 91% of investigations using primates did prove worthwhile was something of a triumph.
One of Sir Patrick’s recommendations that is particularly welcome is that researchers "have a moral obligation to publish results—even if negative—in order to prevent work being repeated unnecessarily". For too long scientists have shared only the results of successful experiments, condemning others to repeat their mistakes. That is something we have previously argued against, and the ongoing shift away from paper-based journals to electronic: data repositories can only help.
In an ideal world, there would be no animal testing. It is stressful for animals, and expensive and time-consuming for people. But while it remains necessary to advance both medical and veterinary research, conducting it under the strictest rules, and exposing what is done to external scrutiny, should help ensure Britain’s continuing status as an animal-loving nation.
From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that ______.
A:the British don’t care about the animal experiments B:all of the researches are done with rodents in Britain C:using chimpanzees to do research is usual in America D:the use of primates in research is not allowed in Britain
I don't think you have a good time, ______
A:haven't you B:have you C:do I D:don't I
A:The condition is far more serious than scientists have expected. B:Primates’ living environment is much better than years ago. C:Their number is increasing due to the efforts from scientists. D:Half of the primate species have gone extinct in the past decades.
—You haven't been to Beijing, have you
— ______. And how I wish to go there again!
A:Yes, I have B:Yes, I haven't C:No, I have D:No, I haven't
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