Medical Journals

    Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.

    In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.

    Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. 

    Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease ¹. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

词汇：

professional /prə"feʃənəl/ n.专业人员

online /ɒn"laɪn/ adv. 联机地，联线地

specialty /"speʃəltɪ/ n .专业

summarize /"sʌməraɪz/ vt. 总结，概述

注释：

1. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease.由于个体研究的结果可能受很多因素的影响，因此将有关同一题目的不同研究的结果汇总起来，可能有助于 得出有关预防、诊断或是治疗某一疾病所需的科学证据的结论。

An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called____

A:a research article B:a review article C:a case report D:an editorial

What is the main topic of the passage

A:The mechanics of rain. B:The climate of North America. C:How gravity affects air current. D:Types of clouds.

The main topic of the passage is ______.

A:composition of the atmosphere B:pressure from the atmosphere C:air pollution in the atmosphere D:the relationship between the atmosphere and men

What is the topic of the passage

A:The role of television in today's society. B:The marriage of broadcasting giants. C:Recent changes in modern technology. D:The content of broadcast television programs.

What is the main topic of the passage

A:A new type of fencing is introduced. B:Cattle ranching and farming in the United States. C:Barbed wire is better than singlestranded wire. D:How the wires were made in industry.

The main topic of the passage is ______. ( )

A:conditions in the work place B:the freedom of industries in the past C:changes in industrial production D:the safety and health of workers and customers

Passage 3
Listening is an extremely complex communicative activity. In order to have a better understanding, to anticipate what is coming is very important. An effective listener should continuously develop more or less specific readiness for what will come next. If a listener hears what he has expected, it will be much easier for him to receive the information. But if what he hears is totally out of his expectation,he will fail to get the message. The skill to anticipate what is coming in listening comprehension depends largely on the listener’s familiarity with the theme(主题)of the message. It also depends on the listener’s knowledge of the speaker as well as the situation. Obviously, when we listen to something that we already have some information about, it is generally much easier for us to take in the new information . Therefore,pre-listening preparation seems to play an important role in increasing our comprehension . Before actual listening ,we could perhaps first give some thought to the topic ,discuss it with others ,and then read some related material and do some vocabulary work. If we could make ourselves fully prepared for the coming talks or lectures,we are more likely to become effective listeners. Of course,readiness beforehand is not at all enough . Active thinking must take place all the way through . In fact ,we should always try to think ahead of the speaker.
In order to anticipate ,the first thing to do before actual listening may be ______ .

A:do some vocabulary work B:think about the topic C:read some related material D:discuss the topic with others