? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? {{B}}Single-parent
Kids Do Best{{/B}} ? ?Single mums are better at raising their kids
than two parents - at least in the bird world. Mother zebra finches have to work
harder and raise fewer chicks on their own, but they also produce more
attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate. ? ?The finding
shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as
ecological factors such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around,
there’s always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on
the quality of the offspring. ? ?In evolutionary terms, the best
strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for
their offspring, so they can concentrate on breeding again. So it’s normal for
parents to try to pass the buck to each other. But Ian Hartley from the
University of Lancaster and his team wondered how families solve this conflict,
and how the conflict itself affects the offspring. ? ?To find out,
they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.
They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each
parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was
raising four chicks, and each single mum had two - supposedly the same amount of
work. ? ?But single mums, they found, put in about 25 per cent more
effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited, mothers
with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy, and
it’s the chicks that pay the price. "The offspring suffer some of the cost of
this conflict," says Hartley. ? ?The cost does not show in any
obvious decrease in size or weight, but in how attractive they are to the
opposite sex. When the chicks were mature, the researchers tested the "fitness"
of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner. Those males
reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent
families. ? ?Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the
quality of care given to offspring, says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge
University, who works on conflict of parents in birds. "But the experimental
evidence is not great. The breakthrough here is showing it
empirically." ? ?More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley’s
statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour,
clutch size and even appearance. "People have not really made that link," says
Hartley. A female’s reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by
hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken
into account as well.
According to the passage, people believe that a female’s reproductive strategy is influenced by
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? {{B}}Single-parent
Kids Do Best{{/B}} ? ?Single mums are better at raising their kids
than two parents - at least in the bird world. Mother zebra finches have to work
harder and raise fewer chicks on their own, but they also produce more
attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate. ? ?The finding
shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as
ecological factors such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around,
there’s always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on
the quality of the offspring. ? ?In evolutionary terms, the best
strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for
their offspring, so they can concentrate on breeding again. So it’s normal for
parents to try to pass the buck to each other. But Ian Hartley from the
University of Lancaster and his team wondered how families solve this conflict,
and how the conflict itself affects the offspring. ? ?To find out,
they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.
They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each
parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was
raising four chicks, and each single mum had two - supposedly the same amount of
work. ? ?But single mums, they found, put in about 25 per cent more
effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited, mothers
with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy, and
it’s the chicks that pay the price. "The offspring suffer some of the cost of
this conflict," says Hartley. ? ?The cost does not show in any
obvious decrease in size or weight, but in how attractive they are to the
opposite sex. When the chicks were mature, the researchers tested the "fitness"
of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner. Those males
reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent
families. ? ?Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the
quality of care given to offspring, says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge
University, who works on conflict of parents in birds. "But the experimental
evidence is not great. The breakthrough here is showing it
empirically." ? ?More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley’s
statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour,
clutch size and even appearance. "People have not really made that link," says
Hartley. A female’s reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by
hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken
into account as well.
According to the passage, people believe that a female’s reproductive strategy is influenced by
A.an evolutionary driving force. B.a conflict of interests. C.ecological factors. D.the quality of the offspring.
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