Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this (1) , every group has a culture, however un-developed or uncivilized it may seem to us.
To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture
(2) another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic (3) among the different languages.
People once (4) the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped
(5) of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. (6) it is possible that language (7) began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages (8) no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of (9) groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely
(10) , delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They (11) behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, (12) only in their vocabularies, which reflect their speakers’ social (13)
Even in this department, (14) , two things are to be noted: (1) All languages seem to (15) the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence (16) by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. (2) The objects and activities requiring names and (17) in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often (18) numerous and complicated. A Western languages distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ( "this" and "that" ); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker or to the person (19) and what is removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.
This study of language, in turn, (20) a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank.

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.18（）

A:orders B:rituals C:sectors D:staples

Many parents who welcome the idea of turning off the TV and spending more time with the family are still worried that without TV they would constantly be on call as entertainers for their children. They remember (1) of all sorts of things to do when they were kids, but their own kids seem different, less resourceful, (2) When there’s nothing to do, these parents observe (3) , their kids seem unable to (4) any thing to do besides turning on the TV.
One father, (5) , says "When I was a kid, we were always thinking up things to do, projects and (6) . We certainly never complained in an (7) way to our parents, ’I have nothing to do!’" He compares this with his own children today: "If someone doesn’t entertain them, they’ll happily sit there in front of the (8) all day."
There is one word for this father’s (9) : unfair. It is as if he were disappointed in them for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He deplores his children’s (10) of inventiveness, as if the ability to play were something (11) that his children are missing. In fact, while the tendency to play is built into the human species, the actual ability to play—to imagine, to invent, to elaborate on (12) in a playful way—and the ability to gain (13) from it, these are skills that have to be learn ed and developed.
Such disappointment, (14) , is not only (15) , it is also destructive. Sensing their parents’ disappointment, children come to believe that they are, indeed, lacking something, and that this makes them less worthy of (16) and respect. Giving children the opportunity to develop new (17) , to enlarge their horizons and (18) he pleasures of doing things on their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a
(19) feeling about themselves as (20) and interesting people.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.7（）

A:riots B:rituals C:schemes D:games

A:orders B:rituals C:sectors D:staples

A:riots B:rituals C:schemes D:games

Navajo Indians create sand paintings by arranging grains of sand, ground-up minerals, and seeds of various colors into (designs).

A:maps B:rituals C:patterns D:rows

Anthropologist Barbara Myerhoff furthered her reputation as an authority on Native American culture with her study of the symbols, myths, and rituals of the Huichols.

A:deserved B:retained C:renewed D:advanced

Exercising together appears to increase the level of the feel - good endorphin hormones naturally released during physical exertion, a study suggests.
A team from Oxford University carried out tests on 12 rowers after a vigorous workout in a virtual boat.
Those who trained alone withstood less pain—a key measure of endorphins—than those who exercised together.
Row your boat
It has long been known that phyrsical exertion releases endorphins and that these are responsible for the sometimes euphoric sensations experienced after exercising.
They have a protective effect against pain.
But researchers from Oxford University’s Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology found this response was beightened by the synergistic effect of rowing together.
After 45 minutes of either rowing separately or in a team of six, the researchers measured their pain threshold by how long they could tolerate an inflated blood pressure cuff on the arm.
Exercise increased both groups’ ability to tolerate pain, but the difference was significantly more pronounced among the team rowers.
This, they said, was a measure of an increased endorphin release.
As well as potentially improving performance in sport, the researchers speculated that this endorphin release may be the mechanism that underpins the sense of communal belonging that emerges from activities such as religious rituals, dancing or laughing.
"The results suggest that endorphin release is significantly greater in group than in individual training even when power output, or physical exertion, remains constant," said lead author Emma Cohen,
"The exact features of group activity that generate this effect are unknown, but this study contributes to a growing body of evidence suggesting that synchronised, coordinated physical activity may be responsible. "
Carole Seheuh, a sport and exercise psychologist from the British Psychological Society, said "The findings were entirely credible. Rowing is a sport which requires real team work and endorphins could well foster that process. But more generally we know from experience that exercising in groups is good for people, it’s motivational, it’s social. Groups sessions really do work. /
Which is right

A:Group training can increase the release of endorphin. B:Individual training can increase the release of endorphin. C:Religious rituals do not belong to communal activity, D:Rowing is a sport which requires less team work.

Navajo Indians create sand paintings by arranging grains of sand, ground-up minerals, and seeds of various colors into (designs).

A:maps B:rituals C:patterns D:rows