Screen Test

1　Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia,Canada, theUSandSpain, screen women under 50.

2　But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

3　Researchers at the Polytechnic University¹ of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

4　The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board（NRPB）predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

5　The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. TheValenciaprogramme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

6　But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45，because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

7　“There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB　But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

词汇：

polytechnic / ,pɒlɪ’teknɪk/ adj．理工专科学校

cumulative / ’kju:mjʊlətɪv/ adj．递增的

radiological / ,reɪdɪəʊ’lɒdʒɪk / adj．放射性的

contract / ’kɒntrækt/ vt．感染

optimise /’ɒptɪmaɪz / vt．最大限度地完善

trade-off n．平衡

注释：

Polytechnic University ：理工大学

B　Investigating the Effect of Screening

C　Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

D　Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation

E　Treatment of Cancers F Factors That Trigger Cancers

Delaying the age at which screening starts may ________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Screen Test

    1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them,  including Australia,Canada, theUSandSpain, screen women under 50.

    2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

    3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University¹ of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

    4. The mathematical model recommended byBritain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

    5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. TheValenciaprogramme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

    6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

    7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

词汇：

polytechnic / ,pɒlɪ’teknɪk/ adj．多工艺的

cumulative / ’kju:mjʊlətɪv/ adj．递增的

radiological / ,reɪdɪəʊ’lɒdʒɪk / adj．放射性的

contract / ’kɒntrækt/ vt．感染

optimise /’ɒptɪmaɪz / vt．最大限度地完善

trade-off [ˈtreɪdɔ:f] n．平衡

注释：

Polytechnic University:理工大学

B harmful

C save a life

D still open to debate

E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

Delaying the age at which screening starts may________________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Screen Test

    1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes.  Nine of them, including Australia,Canada, theUSandSpain, screen women under 50.

    2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

    3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University¹ of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

    4. The mathematical model recommended byBritain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

    5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. TheValenciaprogramme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

    6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

    7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

词汇：

polytechnic /,pɒlɪ"teknɪk/ adj.多工艺的

cumulative /"kjuːmjʊlətɪv/ adj.递增的

radiological /redɪo"lɑdʒɪkəl/ adj.放射性的

contract /"kɒntrækt/ vt.感染

optimize /"ɑptɪmaɪz/ vt.最大限度地完善

trade-off n.平衡

注释：

B harmful

C save a life

D still open to debate

E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

Delaying the age at which screening starts may________________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

I don't mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late.

A:you to delay making B:your delaying making C:your delaying to make D:you delay to make

The government is debating the education laws.

A:discussing B:defeating C:delaying D:declining

New Technique Promises Earlier Cancer Detection A new technique could revolutionize the early detection of cancer, giving sufferers a greater chance of beating the disease, American scientists said. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have devised a novel method of 【51】 changes in the nucleus of cells in the earliest stages of the disease." More than 85 percent of all cancers originate in the epithelium (上皮) that lines the internal surfaces of organs 【52】 the body. Although these are treatable 【53】 they are diagnosed in one of the preventable stages, early body damages are almost 【54】 to detect," said scientist Feld. " We present a new optical-probe (光学探子) technique based on light-scattering spectroscopy (分光镜检查) that is able 【55】 detect precancerous and early cancerous cells in cell-rich epithelia," he added in a statement. The new technique relies on the fact 【56】 cell nuclei change in the early stages of cancer and the differences scatter light in a characteristic way. Until now the changes were only detectable 【57】 a biopsy (活检) was taken, the scientists said. The new technique, 【58】 in the science journal Nature, can be used in conjunction with a routine cancer screening and surveillance technique which uses an endoscope (内窥镜) —a flexible optical probe 【59】 with cameras which is inserted into a cavity in the body—to check 【60】 cancers. The scientists said they 【61】 their new technique in four different organs during routine endoscopic cancer screening. The tip of the optical probe was brought into contact with the tissue to be tested and the scattering of light was recorded without the need for any tissue to be 【62】 , the scientists said. " Our results show that light-scattering spectroscopy has the potential to detect pre-cancerous body damages and preinvasive cancers throughout the body. This technique should 【63】 improve the efficiency of cancer screening and surveillance," the scientists said. Cancer is one of the biggest 【64】 in industrialized countries. 【65】 to figures from the World Health Organization, 10 million people were diagnosed with the disease worldwide in 1997 and six million died.

A:stopping B:accelerating C:delaying D:detecting

New Technique Promises Earlier Cancer Detection A new technique could revolutionize the early detection of cancer, giving sufferers a greater chance of beating the disease, American scientists said. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have devised a novel method of 【51】 changes in the nucleus of cells in the earliest stages of the disease." More than 85 percent of all cancers originate in the epithelium (上皮) that lines the internal surfaces of organs 【52】 the body. Although these are treatable 【53】 they are diagnosed in one of the preventable stages, early body damages are almost 【54】 to detect," said scientist Feld. " We present a new optical-probe (光学探子) technique based on light-scattering spectroscopy (分光镜检查) that is able 【55】 detect precancerous and early cancerous cells in cell-rich epithelia," he added in a statement. The new technique relies on the fact 【56】 cell nuclei change in the early stages of cancer and the differences scatter light in a characteristic way. Until now the changes were only detectable 【57】 a biopsy (活检) was taken, the scientists said. The new technique, 【58】 in the science journal Nature, can be used in conjunction with a routine cancer screening and surveillance technique which uses an endoscope (内窥镜) —a flexible optical probe 【59】 with cameras which is inserted into a cavity in the body—to check 【60】 cancers. The scientists said they 【61】 their new technique in four different organs during routine endoscopic cancer screening. The tip of the optical probe was brought into contact with the tissue to be tested and the scattering of light was recorded without the need for any tissue to be 【62】 , the scientists said. " Our results show that light-scattering spectroscopy has the potential to detect pre-cancerous body damages and preinvasive cancers throughout the body. This technique should 【63】 improve the efficiency of cancer screening and surveillance," the scientists said. Cancer is one of the biggest 【64】 in industrialized countries. 【65】 to figures from the World Health Organization, 10 million people were diagnosed with the disease worldwide in 1997 and six million died.

A:stopping B:accelerating C:delaying D:detecting