阅读理解
阅读理解
Dreams
Studies show that in dreams things are seen and heard rather than thought.1 In terms of the senses, visual experience is present in almost all dreams； auditory experience in 40 to 50 percent； and touch, taste, smell, and pain in a relatively small percentage.2 A considerable amount of emotion is commonly present, usually a pure and single emotion such as fear, anger, or joy.3
Two clearly distinguishable states of sleep exist. The first state，called NREM-sleep (non- rapid-eye-movement sleep)，occupies most of the sleep period and is associated with a relatively low pulse and blood pressure, and few or no reports of dreaming.4 The second type of sleep, known as REM-sleep (rapid-eye-movement sleep) occurs cyclically during the sleep period with rapid eye movements and frequent dream reports. Typically, a person has four or five periods of REM-sleep during the night, whether the dreams are remembered often, rarely, or not at all； they occur at intervals of about 90 minutes and altogether make up about 25 percent of the night"s sleep (as much as 50 percent in a newborn child). Evidence indicates that a dream period usually lasts from 5 to 20 minutes.5 Sounds and touches working on a dreamer can go into a dream if they occur during a REM-period. Although mental activity may be reported during NREM-sleep，these are usually short pieces of thoughtlike experiences.6
Modern dream research has focused on two general interpretations of dream content.7 In one view, dreams have no meaning of their own but are simply a process by which the brain integrates new information into memories. In the other view, dreams contain real meaning symbolized in a picture language distinct from conscious logical thought.8 If dreams express important wishes， fears, concerns, and worries of the dreamer, the study and analysis of dreams can help reveal previously unknown aspects of a person"s mental functioning9.
词汇：
visual /"vɪʒjʊəl; -zj-/ adj.视力的，视觉的
auditory/"ɔːdɪtərɪ/ adj.听的，柄觉的
percentage/pə"sentɪdʒ/ n.百分比，百分率
distinguishable /dɪ"stɪŋgwɪʃəbl/ adj.区别得出的，可以辨明的
cyclically /"saiklikli/ adv.循环地，周期性地
interval/"ɪntəvl/ n.间隔，间距，间隙
mental/"mentl/ adj.精神的，思想上的，心理的
interpretation /ɪntɜːprɪ"teɪʃ(ə)n/ n.解释，说明，阐明
integrate/"intigreit/ vt.使成一体，使结合，使合并
symbolize /"simbəlaiz/ vt.作为…的象征，象征
distinct /di"stiŋkt/ adj.有区别的，不同的，单独的
conscious /"kɔnʃəs/ adj.意识到的，自觉的，感到的
logical /"lɔdʒikl/ adj.符合逻辑的，有逻辑头脑的；逻辑（上）的，逻辑学的
previously /"pri:vjəsli/ adj.以前的，先前的，前的，先的
注释：
1.Studies show that in dreams things are seen and heard rather than thought.研究表明，在梦里人 们是在看、在听而不是在想。 、
2.In terms of the senses, visual experience is present in almost all dreams； auditory experience in 40 to 50 percent； and touch, taste, smell, and pain in a relatively small percentage.就感官而 言，在几乎所有的梦中都有视觉体验；听觉体验占40%?50% ；触觉、味觉、嗅觉和痛觉所占 比例相对较小。短语in terms of意为“从……方面(说来），，。
3. A considerable amount of emotion is commonly present, usually a pure and single emotion such as fear, anger, or joy.(梦中）一般有相当程度的情绪表现，通常是一种诸如恐惧、愤怒或欢 喜等纯粹和单一的情绪。
4.The first state, called NREM-sleep (non-rapid-eye-movement sleep), occupies most of the sleep period and is associated with a relatively low pulse and blood pressure, and few or no reports of dreaming.第一种状态称作NREM睡眠（非急速目移睡眠），它占睡眠时间的大部 分。这时，人的脉搏相对较慢，血压相对较低，醒来后也很少或者不说自己做了梦。be associated with意思是“与 有联系”。
5.Evidence indicates that a dream period usually lasts from 5 to 20 minutes.有证据表明一段梦境 通常延续5?20分钟。
6.Although mental activity may be reported during NREM-sleep, these are usually short pieces of thoughtlike experiences.虽然有一些人或许说在他们NREM睡鹺中有思维活动，但是这种活 动通常是类似思维的断断续续的小片段而巳。
7.Modern dream research has focused on two general interpretations of dream content.现代对梦的研究在如何对梦的内容做一般解释方面有两种集中的看法。
8.In the other view, dreams contain real meaning symbolized in a picture language distinct from conscious logical thought.另一种观点认为，梦是用图像语言象征真实意义，这种图像语言和有意识的逻辑思维有所区别。
9. the study and analysis of dreams can help reveal previously unknown aspects of a person"s mental functioning ：对梦的研究分析有助于揭示以往所未知的人的思维功能的方面Based on what is discussed in this writing，an adult may have at most about ____of the time of his or her sleep dreaming
A:90% B:50% C:25% D:20%
Pop Music in Africa
Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music. The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today, such as hip-hop, rap, rock, jazz, or reggae. The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world, but at the same time is distinctly African. It is different also in another way: Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues inAfricatoday.
Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians. He grew up inNairobi,Kenya, in a family of musicians. As a teenager, he listened to pop music from theUnited States, and later he moved toBostonto study at the Berklee College of Music. Now he has produced a CD inKenya. Eric"s most popular song, "Land of ‘A Little Something’” is aboutKenya"s problem of bribery, or paying others for illegal favors. He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to makeKenyaa better place to live.
Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga fromTanzania. Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women. At the age of fifteen she lost her home, but she was luckier than other homeless young people. She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street. By the time she was eighteen years old, she had become a star. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees inTanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women 1.
Baaba Maal, fromSenegal, also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment. He says that inSenegal, storytellers have always been important people. In the past, they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive. Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility. They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better. The words of his songs are important, in fact. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one" s family, and saving the environment 2.
One ofSouth Africa"s most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie. She is sometimes compared to Madonna, the American pop star, because she likes to shock people in her shows. But she also likes to make people think. She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid. Now that apartheid has ended, her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life. To sing about these, she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.
In recent years, people outside ofAfricahave also begun to listen to these young musicians. Through music, the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and, at the same time, influencing the rest of the world.
词汇：
reggae /"regei/ n. 瑞格舞（西印度群岛的舞曲）
bribery ["braɪbərɪ] n. 行贿，贿赂
apartheid [əˈpɑ:tˌhaɪt, -ˌheɪt] n. 种族隔离
注释：
1. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania,especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women.她用嘻哈和说唱的风格写歌，歌曲的内容是坦桑尼亚的各种问题，特别是艾滋和女性权利的缺失。
2. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love forone"s family, and saving the environment.他倡导在非洲要和平与协作，同时也包括妇女权利、热爱家庭和保护环境。
This passage is about how African pop music is
A:usually about love and romance B:more serious than most pop music C:popular with young people in Africa D:mostly written just for entertainment
Text 1
Prices are sky high, with profits to match. But looking further ahead, the industry faces wrenching change, says an expert of energy.
"The time when we could count on cheap oil and even cheaper natural gas is clearly ending. That was the gloomy forecast delivered in February by Dave O’Reilly, the chairman of Chevron Texaco, to hundreds of oilmen gathered for a conference in Houston. The following month, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez gleefully echoed the sentiment: "The world should forget about cheap oil."
The surge in oil prices, from ＄10 a barrel in 1998 to above ＄ 50 in early 2005, has prompted talk of a new era of sustained higher prices. But whenever a "new era" in oil is hailed, scepticism is in order. After all, this is essentially a cyclical business in which prices habitually yo-yo. Even so, an unusually loud chorus is now joining Messrs O’Reilly and Chavez, pointing to intriguing evidence of a new "price floor" of ＄ 30 or perhaps even ＄ 40. Confusingly, though, there are also signs that high oil prices may be caused by a speculative bubble that could burst quite suddenly. To see which camp is right, two questions need answering: why did the oil price soar And what could keep it high
To make matters more complicated, there is in fact no such thing as a single "oil price": rather, there are dozens of varieties of crude trading at different prices. When newspapers write about oil prices, they usually mean one of two reference crudes: Brent from the North Sea, or West Texas Intermediate (WTI). But when ministers from the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) discuss prices, they usually refer to a basket of heavier cartel crudes, which trade at a discount to WTI and Brent. All oil prices mentioned in this survey are per barrel of WTI.
The recent volatility in prices is only one of several challenges facing the oil industry. Although at first sight Big Oil seems to be in rude health, posting record profits, this survey will argue that the western oil majors will have their work cut out to cope with the rise of resource nationalism, which threatens to choke off access to new oil reserves. This is essential to replace their existing reserves, which are rapidly declining. They will also have to respond to efforts by governments to deal with oil’s serious environmental and geopolitical side-effects. Together, these challenges could yet wipe out the oil majors.
A:about ＄10 a barrel. B:nearly ＄ 30 a barrel. C:＄ 30～40 a barrel. D:＄ 50 a barrel.
Text 1
Prices are sky high, with profits to match. But looking further ahead, the industry faces wrenching change, says an expert of energy.
"The time when we could count on cheap oil and even cheaper natural gas is clearly ending. That was the gloomy forecast delivered in February by Dave O’Reilly, the chairman of Chevron Texaco, to hundreds of oilmen gathered for a conference in Houston. The following month, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez gleefully echoed the sentiment: "The world should forget about cheap oil."
The surge in oil prices, from ＄10 a barrel in 1998 to above ＄ 50 in early 2005, has prompted talk of a new era of sustained higher prices. But whenever a "new era" in oil is hailed, scepticism is in order. After all, this is essentially a cyclical business in which prices habitually yo-yo. Even so, an unusually loud chorus is now joining Messrs O’Reilly and Chavez, pointing to intriguing evidence of a new "price floor" of ＄ 30 or perhaps even ＄ 40. Confusingly, though, there are also signs that high oil prices may be caused by a speculative bubble that could burst quite suddenly. To see which camp is right, two questions need answering: why did the oil price soar And what could keep it high
To make matters more complicated, there is in fact no such thing as a single "oil price": rather, there are dozens of varieties of crude trading at different prices. When newspapers write about oil prices, they usually mean one of two reference crudes: Brent from the North Sea, or West Texas Intermediate (WTI). But when ministers from the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) discuss prices, they usually refer to a basket of heavier cartel crudes, which trade at a discount to WTI and Brent. All oil prices mentioned in this survey are per barrel of WTI.
The recent volatility in prices is only one of several challenges facing the oil industry. Although at first sight Big Oil seems to be in rude health, posting record profits, this survey will argue that the western oil majors will have their work cut out to cope with the rise of resource nationalism, which threatens to choke off access to new oil reserves. This is essential to replace their existing reserves, which are rapidly declining. They will also have to respond to efforts by governments to deal with oil’s serious environmental and geopolitical side-effects. Together, these challenges could yet wipe out the oil majors.
A:about ＄10 a barrel. B:nearly ＄ 30 a barrel. C:＄ 30～40 a barrel. D:＄ 50 a barrel.
This passage is mainly about ______.
A:the New Madrid fault in Missouri B:the San Andreas and the New Madrid faults C:the causes of faults D:current scientific knowledge about faults
This passage is mainly about ______.
A:a survey of new approaches to art B:a review of Futurist poetry C:about the merits of Futurist poetry D:about laws and requirements of literature
The ______ salary of the staff is about ＄ 50.
A:usual B:average C:equal D:common
It is useless ______ about this point now.
A:arguing B:to argue about C:to be argued D:to argue
It is useless ______ about this point now.
A:arguing B:to argue about C:to be argued D:to argue
