Maglev Trains

1 A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation¹, which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains.

2 If you’ve ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other². This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery³. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.

3 The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a maglev train rail system. There are three components to this system: A large electrical power source, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.

4 The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine — at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks⁴. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains⁵.

5 The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the train’s undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.

6 Maglev trains float on a cushion of air, eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph, or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph, you could travel from ParistoRomein just over two hours.

词汇： 

levitate / "levɪteɪt / v. 悬浮

line /lain/ v.排列成行 

electrified / ɪ"lektrɪfaɪd / v.使带电

propel / prə"pel / vt. 推进 

levitation / ˌlevɪ"teɪʃn / n. 悬浮

underside / ˈʌndəsaɪd / n.下侧，下面 

magnetize / "mæɡnətaɪz / v. 使带磁

propulsion / prəˈpʌlʃn / n. 推进 

guideway / ˈgaɪdweɪ / n. 导向槽

undercarriage / ˈʌndəkærɪdʒ / n. 车盘

注释:  

1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation :maglev 是magnetic levitation 的缩略词。

2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other: 异极相吸，同极相斥

3. AA-cell battery：5号电池  

4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks: 至少不是沿着轨道拉动典型的火车车厢的那种发动机。

B High-speed Maglev due to Zero Friction

C The Working Principle of the Maglev Train

D Differences between Polarity and Magnetic Field

E Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional Ones

F Maglev with a Powerful Motor

Paragraph 4 _______.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence

　　Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of¹ an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look   1    domestic violence and health among men.
　　“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don’t hear about it   2    ,” Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle , one of  the study"s authors ，told Reuters Health. “ They often don"t tell    3    we don"t ask. We want to get the message out² to men who    4    experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to    5    .”
　　The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical    6   , such as threats that made them    7    for³ their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go)，and constant name-calling.
　　Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner    8    in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.
　　Rates were lower for men 55 and    9    ，with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.
　　Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of    10    violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men    11    was physical.
　　However, the physical violence men reported wasn’t as harsh as    12    suffered by women in a previous study；20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of    13   
　　Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems   14   those who had not, especially older men, the    15    found.

词汇：

intimate /"ɪntɪmət/ adj.亲密的

name-calling  n.辱骂

abuse /ə"bjuːz/ n.伤害

注释：
1. at the hands of：出自某人之手,从某人那里
2. get the message out：传达这样一个信息
3. fear for：为……担忧

空4

A:to  B:no C:do D:go

Migrant Workers

　　In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another.    1   some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East¹,    2     increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to    3    outsiders to improve local facilities.    4     the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USAandEurope. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries,     5     SouthKoreaandJapan.
　　In view of the difficult living and working conditions in theMiddle East,²it is not   6     that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least     7    money in theMiddle Eastas they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it.³ This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.
　　Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage.     8    the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other     9    safety and comfort.     10    , many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly     11    the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge engineers who prefer to find solutions     12    problems rather than do routine work in their home country.
　　One major problem which     13    migrant workers in theMiddle Eastis that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents.     14    , migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the     15     financial benefits which they receive.

词汇：

migrant /"maɪgrənt/ adj.移民的

allied /"ælaɪd; ə"laɪd/ adj.与此相关的

taxation /tæk"seɪʃən/ n.税，税款

compensate /"kɒmpenseɪt/ v.补偿

routine /ruː"tiːn/ adj.日常的

注释：

1.This is particularly the case in the Middle East...：中东地区目的情况尤为如此……
2.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East...：由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件……in view of 是个短语，表示原因或理由。
3.An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 一个相关的好处是这里的税收低，或者根本就不收税。

空4

A:But  B:Moreover  C:Besides   D:Thus

Dreams

　　Everyone can dream. Indeed, everyone does dream. Those who    1    that they never dream at all actually dream    2    as frequently as the rest of us,    3    they may not remember anything about it. Even those of us who are perfectly     4     of dreaming night    5    night very seldom remember those dreams in    6    detail but¹ merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our    7    , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste.
　　One of the world’s oldest    8    written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams. This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can    9    that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then. Many ancient civilizations believed that you    10    never wake a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return     11     time if the sleeper were suddenly    12    .
　　From ancient times to the present²    13    , people have been   14    attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance. There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation, although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream    15     there are books.

词汇：
frequently /"friːkwəntlɪ/ adv.频繁地，经常地；时常，屡次

seldom /"seldəm/ adv.很少，不常

retain /riˈtein/ vt.保持，记住

significance /sɪg"nɪfɪkəns/ n.重要性，意义

civilisation /,sɪvɪlaɪ"zeɪʃən/ n.文明，文化

interpret /ɪn"tɜːprɪt/ vt.解释，说明，口译

interpretation /ɪntɜːprɪ"teɪʃən/ n.解释，口译

注释：

1．...very seldom remember those dreams in detail but merely retain an untidy mixture...but...不……而是……
2．From ancient times to the present...从古至今……

空4

A:feelings B:emotions  C:impressions  D:senses

Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence

　　Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of¹ an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look   1    domestic violence and health among men.
　　“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don’t hear about it   2    ,” Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle , one of  the study"s authors ，told Reuters Health. “ They often don"t tell    3    we don"t ask. We want to get the message out² to men who    4    experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to    5    .”
　　The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical    6   , such as threats that made them    7    for³ their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go)，and constant name-calling.
　　Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner    8    in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.
　　Rates were lower for men 55 and    9    ，with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.
　　Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of    10    violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men    11    was physical.
　　However, the physical violence men reported wasn’t as harsh as    12    suffered by women in a previous study；20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of    13   
　　Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems   14   those who had not, especially older men, the    15    found.

词汇：

intimate /"ɪntɪmət/ adj.亲密的

name-calling  n.辱骂

abuse /ə"bjuːz/ n.伤害

注释：
1. at the hands of：出自某人之手,从某人那里
2. get the message out：传达这样一个信息
3. fear for：为……担忧

空4

A:to  B:no C:do D:go

设有两个事务T1、T2有如下调度，产生的不一致性是（）
步骤             T1                T2
1              读A=100
2                                  读A=100
3.            A=A+10写回
4.                                 A=A-10

A:丢失修改  B:不可重复读  C:读脏数据  D:幻影读

从所给的四个选项中，选择最合适的一个填入问号处，使之呈现一定规律性：             A                     B                    C                  D                                                          

A:A  B:B  C:C  D:D