“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning

In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol out side of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food.¹ Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies² and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.

After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals³ faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal⁴ cancer. “Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites⁵ traced to smoking or drinking⁶ by the study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.

For their new analyst, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week⁷. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to⁸ 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.⁹ Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowestconsumption group, participants who. drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx¹⁰. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the highe consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.

People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group¹¹ was only triple that¹² in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.

“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol of those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol.

词汇:
avity /kævɪtɪ/n. 口腔

pharynx / ˈfærɪŋks / n.咽 

pharyngeal /  fəˈrɪndʒiəl / adj.咽的
esophagus / ɪ"sɒfəɡəs / n.食管 

esophageal  / ˌi:sə"fædʒɪəl / adj.食管的
larynx / ˈlærɪŋks / n.喉 

scrub / skrʌb / v.擦净，擦掉

pharyngeal / fəˈrɪndʒiəl / adj.咽的
esophagus / ɪ"sɒfəɡəs / n.食管

esophageal / ˌi:sə"fædʒɪəl / adj.食管的

larynx / ˈlærɪŋks / n.喉

scrub / skrʌb / v.擦净，擦掉

注释:

1. ... than do those taking their libations with food:这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为 than those taking their libations with food do。这里的 do是一个代词，代替上半句中的 have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。

2. drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies:取自四项癌症研究的 1500个病例的饮酒习惯模式

3. downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals:在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。 down:在此作动词用，意为:“喝下，灌下” ;significant:意为“large in amount”，（大量的 )。

4. laryngeal: larynx (喉)的形容词形式。

5. these four sites:指该段前两句提到的 oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx。

6. traced to smoking or drinking:根源就是抽烟或喝酒。 trace to:回溯到…

7. in an average week:平均每星期

8. up to:高达

9. 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day:每周 56杯，平均每天 8杯以上。 eight后省略了 serving意为“（食物或饮料的）一份”。

10. for all sites other than the larynx:除喉以外的全部部位。 other than:除了。

11. high-intake, with-meals-only group: (酒精)高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。high-intake和 with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰 group。

Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?

A:It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food. B:It may also be a cause of cancer. C:It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. D:It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.

“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning

    In  what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food¹ Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies² and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.

    After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals³ faced at least  50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal⁴ cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites⁵ traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.

     For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week⁷. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to⁸ 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.⁹ Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx¹⁰. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.

    People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group¹¹ was only triple that¹² in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.

     “Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol.

词汇：

cavity / "kævətɪ /n.腔

pharynx/ "færɪŋks/ n.咽

pharyngeal / fəˈrɪndʒiəl /adj.咽的
esophagus/ ɪ"sɒfəɡəs/ n.食管

esophageal / ˌi:sə"fædʒɪəl/adj.食管的
larynx / ˈlærɪŋks /n.喉

scrub / skrʌb /v.擦净，擦掉

triple ["trɪpl]adj.三倍的，n.三部; .v成三倍; 

serving[ˈsə:viŋ] n.（食物或饮料的）一份

inflame[ɪn"fleɪm] v. 使发炎; 

digestive-tract tissue 消化道组织

quadruple[kwɒ"dru:pl]v.成四倍,adj.四倍的

laryngeal[ləˈrɪndʒiəl]adj.喉的

注释：

1. …than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。
2.drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症研究的1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式
3.downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“large in amount”（大量的）。
4.laryngeal：larynx (喉）的形容词形式。
5.these four sites：指该段前两句提到的oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。
6.traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到……
7.in an average week：平均每星期
8.up to：高达
9.56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56 杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。
10.for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。
11.high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。
12.was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的laryngeal cancer risk。

Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?

A:It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food B:It may also be a cause of cancer C:It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites D:It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
From Paragraph 3, we can learn that

A:the learning theory contradicts itself in some fields. B:drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord. C:tension reduction appears first after drinking alcohol. D:the unpleasant consequence of alcoholism can make alcoholics stop drinking.

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization : conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory, While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
From paragraph 3, we can learn that

A:the learning theory contradicts itself in some fields. B:drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord. C:tension reduction appears first after drinking alcohol. D:the unpleasant consequence of alcoholism can make alcoholics stop drinking.

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
It can be inferred from the text that

A:the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory. B:the behavior of most alcoholics proves the learning theory. C:punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking. D:frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.

A:the learning theory contradicts itself in some fields. B:drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord. C:tension reduction appears first after drinking alcohol. D:the unpleasant consequence of alcoholism can make alcoholics stop drinking.

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.

A:the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory. B:the behavior of most alcoholics proves the learning theory. C:punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking. D:frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.

During the winter, most London auctioneers have wine auctions (拍卖). Some are of wines for everyday (1) , but most are of fine wines. Last winter, at Christies, a dozen bottles of Lafite 1945 were (2) down at ￡ 158 the bottle. 1945 and 1961 are the two most vintage (3) for claret (红葡萄酒). Of course, that is not the maximum you could pay. Not (4) ago, an American at Christies (5) ￡8,500 for one bottle of Lafite 1806.
Sometimes, it is a matter of (6) objective. Last October, a restaurateur from Memphis, paid ￡9,000 for a magnum--that is, a two-bottle size--of 1864 Lafite. He (7) 30 people $1,500 each for a dinner with a small glass of the wine. It was (8) ten times the cost of the wine in publicity for his restaurant.
Of course, some people buy wine purely for investment. A syndicate of four will buy a (9) of Lafite 1945 at, say, ￡2,000. Each takes three bottles. Then each drinks (10) bottle, and keeps the other two to sell later at the (11) price as the three cost in the first place. That is, naturally, taking inflation into (12) .
But there is no (13) that a bottle of wine at ￡ 1,000 is a hundred times (14) than one that costs ￡ 10. Perhaps the top price you can pay for wine to enjoy for drinking is ￡ 100 a bottle. Above ￡ 100, you are paying for something (15) than taste.

A:use B:auction C:eating D:drinking