? ?Last month, James Connolly, a junior at the University of Massachusetts, stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga (长袍) as punishment.
? ?His crime? He was charged with underage drinking, illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party.
? ?This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years, mostly imposed by local judges for less serious crimes, such as drunk driving and theft.
? ?They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent(威慑). For example, in Tennessee, Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters (商店货物扒手) stand outside Wal-Mart with signs that read, "I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie" , "Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation (谴责) of the criminal. "said Dan Kahan, a University of Chicago Law School professor, in an article published on the university’s website. "They aren’t shameful enough. "
? ?Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet (红色的) Letter punishments. The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. In this novel, a woman is forced to wear a scarlet "A" on her clothes as punishment for her adultery (通奸).
? ?However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee.
? ?"Early societies often had are acceptance ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society. " says Hosmanek. "Contemporary punishments in America lack this. "
? ?Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values. Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes.
? ?Others aren’t so sure. "There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes. And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society. "said Hosmanek. "So, a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself. "
? ?Experts also debate shaming punishment’s damage to human dignity. "Since the point is to shame, it’s of course degrading(侮辱人格的). " said Linda Malone, director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School.
? ?"US law only prohibits punishment that is ’cruel and unusual’--not ’inhuman and degrading’. It’s very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ’cruel and unusual’. /

In the novel The Scarlet Letter, a woman is accused of ______.

A:corruption B:bribery C:adultery D:theft

Last month, James Connolly, a junior at the University of Massachusetts, stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga (长袍) as punishment.
His crime He was charged with underage drinking, illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party.
This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years, mostly imposed by local judges for less serious crimes, such as drunk driving and theft.
They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent (威慑). For example, in Tennessee, Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters (商店货物扒手) stand outside Wal-Mart with signs that read, "I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie", "Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation (谴责) of the criminal. "said Dan Kahan, a University of Chicago Law School professor, in an article published on the university’s website. "They aren’t shameful enough."
Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet (红色的) Letter punishments. The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. In this novel, a woman is forced to wear a scarlet "A" on her clothes as punishment for her adultery (通奸).
However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee.
"Early societies often had are acceptance ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society. " says Hosmanek. "Contemporary punishments in America lack this. "
Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values. Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes.
Others aren’t so sure. "There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes. And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society. "said Hosmanek. "So, a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself. "
Experts also debate shaming punishment’s damage to human dignity. "Since the point is to shame, it’s of course degrading (侮辱人格的). " said Linda Malone, director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School.
"US law only prohibits punishment that is ’cruel and unusual’- not ’inhuman and degrading’. It’s very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ’cruel and unusual’. /
In the novel The Scarlet Letter, a woman is accused of ______.

A:corruption B:bribery C:adultery D:theft

第3篇 Shaming Punishments Last month, James Connolly, a junior at the University of Massachusetts, stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga (长袍) as punishment. His crime He was charged with underage drinking, illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party. This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years, mostly imposed by local judges for less serious crimes, such as drunk driving and theft. They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent(威慑). For example, in Tennessee, Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters (商店货物扒手) stand outside Wal-Mart with signs that read, "I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie" , "Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation (谴责) of the criminal. "said Dan Kahan, a University of Chicago Law School professor, in an article published on the university’s website. "They aren’t shameful enough. " Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet (红色的) Letter punishments. The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. In this novel, a woman is forced to wear a scarlet "A" on her clothes as punishment for her adultery (通奸). However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee. "Early societies often had are acceptance ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society. " says Hosmanek. "Contemporary punishments in America lack this. " Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values. Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes. Others aren’t so sure. "There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes. And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society. "said Hosmanek. "So, a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself. " Experts also debate shaming punishment’s damage to human dignity. "Since the point is to shame, it’s of course degrading(侮辱人格的). " said Linda Malone, director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School. "US law only prohibits punishment that is ’cruel and unusual’--not ’inhuman and degrading’. It’s very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ’cruel and unusual’. "In the novel The Scarlet Letter, a woman is accused of ______.

A:corruption B:bribery C:adultery D:theft

Text 2
Virtually every company with a computer is vulnerable to computer abuse, crime and accident. Security of the computer and of the information and assets contained within it are therefore of paramount importance to management. Skilled computer criminals can break into a computer system far more easily than an armed robber can gain access to a bank vault, and usually with far less risk of apprehension and punishment. A slight change in a complex program can bring about the misappropriation of thousands of pounds. Accidental erasure of crucial data can paralyse company’s operations. Anyone familiar with the necessary procedure can gain access to information stored in the computer, no matter how confidential, and utilize it for his own purposes.
Although the actual extent of computer crime is difficult to measure, most experts agree that it is one of the fastest growing areas of illegal activity. The principal reason for both the growth and the lack of accurate measurement is the difficulty in detecting a well-executed theft. Losses per incident thus tend to be higher than in other types of theft. Once the Computer criminal has compromised the system, it is just as easy to steal a great sum as it is to steal a little, and to continue stealing long after the initial theft. Indeed, the computer criminal may find it more difficult to stop his illicit activity than to start it.
Computer criminals are, for the most part, well-educated and highly intelligent. The fact that computer criminals do not fit criminal stereotypes helps them to obtain the positions they require to carry out crimes. Being intelligent, they have fertile imaginations, and the variety of ways in which they use equipment to their advantages is constantly being extended. In addition to direct theft of funds, the theft of data for corporate espionage or extortion is becoming widespread, and can obviously have a substantial effect on a company’s finances. Another lucrative scheme, often difficult to detect, involves accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts, with electronic transfer of the accumulated amount to the criminal’s payroll. Employers are hardly concerned with pence, much less fractions of pence. In addition, undoubtedly, the company’s payroll is unaffected. But the cumulative value of fractions of pence per employee in a company with a substantial payroll can add up to a useful gain.
Guarding against computer abuse--whether deliberate or accidental--involves attention to the protection of hardware from physical damage as well as protection of software and data. Computer must be isolated from other company facilities, and unauthorized person should never be admitted to the computer area. Event though some risks are reduced through this measure, most damage to software, accidental and intentional, is caused by those whose jobs require at least some access to the computer. The writer of the program is often the one responsible for its misuse. Programs devised exclusively for a particular company are therefore far more valuable to abuse and accident than standard software packages produced by external suppliers.

Computer theft includes（）

A:direct theft of funds B:the theft of data for corporate espionage or extortion C:accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts D:all of the above

Text 2
Virtually every company with a computer is vulnerable to computer abuse, crime and accident. Security of the computer and of the information and assets contained within it are therefore of paramount importance to management. Skilled computer criminals can break into a computer system far more easily than an armed robber can gain access to a bank vault, and usually with far less risk of apprehension and punishment. A slight change in a complex program can bring about the misappropriation of thousands of pounds. Accidental erasure of crucial data can paralyse company’s operations. Anyone familiar with the necessary procedure can gain access to information stored in the computer, no matter how confidential, and utilize it for his own purposes.
Although the actual extent of computer crime is difficult to measure, most experts agree that it is one of the fastest growing areas of illegal activity. The principal reason for both the growth and the lack of accurate measurement is the difficulty in detecting a well-executed theft. Losses per incident thus tend to be higher than in other types of theft. Once the Computer criminal has compromised the system, it is just as easy to steal a great sum as it is to steal a little, and to continue stealing long after the initial theft. Indeed, the computer criminal may find it more difficult to stop his illicit activity than to start it.
Computer criminals are, for the most part, well-educated and highly intelligent. The fact that computer criminals do not fit criminal stereotypes helps them to obtain the positions they require to carry out crimes. Being intelligent, they have fertile imaginations, and the variety of ways in which they use equipment to their advantages is constantly being extended. In addition to direct theft of funds, the theft of data for corporate espionage or extortion is becoming widespread, and can obviously have a substantial effect on a company’s finances. Another lucrative scheme, often difficult to detect, involves accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts, with electronic transfer of the accumulated amount to the criminal’s payroll. Employers are hardly concerned with pence, much less fractions of pence. In addition, undoubtedly, the company’s payroll is unaffected. But the cumulative value of fractions of pence per employee in a company with a substantial payroll can add up to a useful gain.
Guarding against computer abuse--whether deliberate or accidental--involves attention to the protection of hardware from physical damage as well as protection of software and data. Computer must be isolated from other company facilities, and unauthorized person should never be admitted to the computer area. Event though some risks are reduced through this measure, most damage to software, accidental and intentional, is caused by those whose jobs require at least some access to the computer. The writer of the program is often the one responsible for its misuse. Programs devised exclusively for a particular company are therefore far more valuable to abuse and accident than standard software packages produced by external suppliers.

Computer theft includes（）

A:direct theft of funds B:the theft of data for corporate espionage or extortion C:accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts D:all of the above

Computer theft includes______.

A:direct theft of funds B:the theft of data for corporate espionage or extortion C:accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts D:all of the above

第三篇

Shaming Punishments
Last month, James Connolly, a junior at the University of Massachusetts, stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga (长袍) as punishment.
His crime He was charged with underage drinking, illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party.
This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years, mostly imposed by local judges for less-serious crimes, such as drunk driving and theft.
They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent (威慑). For example, in Tennessee, Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters (商店货物扒手) stand outside Wal-Mart with signs that read, "I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie".
"Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation (谴责) of the criminal," said Dan Kahan, a University of Chicago Law School professor, in an article published on the university’s website. "They aren’t shameful enough."
Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet (红色的) Letter punishments. The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. In this novel, a woman is forced to wear a scarlet "A" on her clothes as punishment for her adultery (通奸).
However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee.
"Early societies often had a ’re-acceptance’ ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society," says Hosmanek. "Contemporary punishments in America lack this."
Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values. Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes.
Others aren’t so sure. "There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes. And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society," said Hosmanek. "So, a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crime to support himself."
Experts also debate, shaming punishment’s damage to human dignity. "Since the point is to shame, it’s of course degrading (侮辱人格的)," said Linda Malone, director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School.
"US law only prohibits punishment that is ’cruel and unusual’ - not ’inhuman and degrading. It’s very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ’cruel and unusual’."

In the novel The Scarlet Letter, a woman is accused of（）

A:corruption B:bribery C:adultery D:theft