Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. (1) the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly (2) to live shorter lives. This suggests that (3) bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) (4) in not being too bright.
Intelligence, it (5) , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow (6) the starting line because it depends on learning — a(n) (7) process — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to (8) .
Is there an adaptive value to (9) intelligence That’s the question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance (10) at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real (11) of our own intelligence might be. This is (12) the mind of every animal we’ve ever met.
Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would (13) on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, (14) , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that (15) animals ran the labs, they would test us to (16) the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really (17) , not merely how much of it there is. (18) , they would hope to study a(n) (19) question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in (20) the results are inconclusive.

11（）

A:features B:influences C:results D:costs

For a national of pet-rovers, the British are surprisingly relaxed about the vast numbers of animal experiments that are conducted by its scientists. A dearth of publicity following the jailing of extremists who threatened the livelihoods (and, in other cases, the lives) of those who help provide animals for research may be one reason for the muted response to the recent Home Office announcement that the number of animals used in experiments rose once again last year. But another reason is that Britain already has the most restrictive rules in the world governing the use of animals, which curtail the use of many of the higher-order species for which people feel the greatest empathy, and that most of the research that is done instead involves rodents.
Unlike America, where researchers routinely use chimpanzees to help develop vaccines against diseases such as hepatitis-C and HIV, no experiments of any kind have been conducted on great apes in Britain for more than a decade. Only relatively small numbers of monkeys are used (less than 0.1% of the total number of animals). Nevertheless their use is controversial so, to determine whether it is also worthwhile, Sir Patrick Bateson of the University of Cambridge recently conducted the first ever retrospective study of the use of primates in research, which was published on July 27th.
Sir Patrick examined experiments on some 3,000 monkeys such as the macaque that were conducted over the decade to 2006. The lion’s share involved neurological studies: scientists argue that if they can better understand how the brain works, then they will be better placed to develop ways to stave off degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. They were supervised by 72 people who held a license from the Home Office that allowed them to use primates in research; each experiment had to be licensed, too. And most did indeed help to further knowledge.
However in a disturbing 9 % of cases "no clear scientific, medical or social benefit had emerged" by the time the evaluation was completed. That seems rather a lot of unnecessary pain and distress, as Sir Patrick acknowledges. Yet his colleague Sir Mark Walport of the Wellcome Trust, which funds medical research, points out that all scientific research carries a risk that it will reveal nothing novel, and that the fact that 91% of investigations using primates did prove worthwhile was something of a triumph.
One of Sir Patrick’s recommendations that is particularly welcome is that researchers "have a moral obligation to publish results—even if negative—in order to prevent work being repeated unnecessarily". For too long scientists have shared only the results of successful experiments, condemning others to repeat their mistakes. That is something we have previously argued against, and the ongoing shift away from paper-based journals to electronic: data repositories can only help.
In an ideal world, there would be no animal testing. It is stressful for animals, and expensive and time-consuming for people. But while it remains necessary to advance both medical and veterinary research, conducting it under the strictest rules, and exposing what is done to external scrutiny, should help ensure Britain’s continuing status as an animal-loving nation.
According to Patrick, what should researchers do with their results

A:Share only the results of successful experiments. B:Publish all results even the bad. C:Condemn others to repeat their mistakes. D:Keep their results as secrets.

Dr. William C. Stokoe, Jr., was the chairman of the English Department at Gallaudet University. He saw the way deaf people communicated and was extremely (21) . He was a hearing person, and signs of the deaf were totally new to him.
Dr. Stokoe decided to propose a study of sign language. Many other teachers were not interested, and thought Dr. Stokoe was (22) to think about studying sign language. Even deaf teachers were not very interested in the project. However, Dr. Stokoe did not give up. (23) , he started the Linguistics Research Program in’1957. Stokoe and his two deaf assistants, worked (24) this project during the summer and after school. The three (25) made films of deaf people signing. The deaf people in the films did not understand (26) the research was about and were just trying to be nice to Dr. Stokoe. Many people thought the whole project was silly, but (27) agreed with Dr. Stokoe in order to please him.
Stokoe and his (28) studied the films of signing. They (29) the films and tried to see patterns in the signs. The results of the research were (30) : the signs used by all of the signers (31) certain linguistic rules.
Dr. Stokoe was the first linguist to test American Sign Language (32) a real language. He published the (33) in 1960,but not many people paid attention to the study. Dr. Stokoe was still (34) —he was the only linguist who (35) that sign language was more than gestures. He knew it was a language of its own and not just another form of English.

33（）

A:results B:consequences C:endings D:resolutions

Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university, reveals a major new study (51) out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study (52) 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were horn between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the (53) of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link (54) good physical fitness and ]wrier results for the IQ lest. The strongest links are for (55) thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a (56) in the results for the IQ lest. and not strength. "Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung (57) and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen." says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. "This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular (58) . We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.
By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been (59) to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that (60) the link between fitness and a higher IQ.
"We have also shown that those youngsters who (61) their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their performance, "says Maria. Aberg, researcher at The Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Ahy health centre. "This being the case, physical education is a (62) that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must (63) we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects. "
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service (64) the socioeconomic status of the men later in life. Those who were fit at 18 were more (65) to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.

A:answers B:questions C:standards D:results

Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more (1) to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analysed the (2) of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link (3) good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for (4) thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a (5) in the results for the IQ test, and not strength. "Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung (6) and that your brain gets plenty of (7) , " says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. "This may be one of the reasons (8) we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular (9) . We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. "
By analysing data for twins, the researchers have been (10) to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a (11) IQ.
"We have also shown that those youngsters who (12) their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance," says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. "This being the case, physical (13) is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects. "
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests (14) national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in (15) . Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.

2（）

A:answers B:works C:scores D:results

? ?Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more ?(51) ? to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy arid Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
? ?The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the ?(52) ? of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took fight after they started serving the army.
? ?The study shows a clear link ?(53) ? good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for ?(54) ? thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a ?(55) ? in the results for the IQ test, and not strength. "Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung ?(56) ? and that your brain gets plenty of ?(57) ?," says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. "This may be one of the reasons ?(58) ? we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular ?(59) ?. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important."
? ?By analysing data for twins, the researchers have been ?(60) ? to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a ?(61) ? IQ.
? ?"We have also shown that those youngsters who ?(62) ? their physical fitness between ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance," says Mafia Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. "This being the case, physical ?(63) ? is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects."
? ?The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests ?(64) ? national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in ?(65) ?. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.

A:answers B:works C:scores D:results

B Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. Consider the fruitfly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruits flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly31to live shorter lives. This suggests that32bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too bright. Intelligence, it turns out, is a highpriced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 33 the starting line because it depends on learning a (an)34process instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to stop. Is there an adaptive value to35intelligence Thats the question behind this new reach. Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species weve left in the dust. I.Q.wise, it implicitly asks what the real36of our own intelligence might be. This is on the mind of every animal weve ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would37on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, for instance, is running a smallscale study in operant conditioning. We believe that38animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for location. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really for, not merely how much of it there is.39, they would hope to study a fundamental question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in40the results are inconclusive.

A:features B:influences C:results D:costs

B Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. Consider the fruitfly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruits flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly31to live shorter lives. This suggests that32bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too bright. Intelligence, it turns out, is a highpriced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 33 the starting line because it depends on learning a (an)34process instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to stop. Is there an adaptive value to35intelligence Thats the question behind this new reach. Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species weve left in the dust. I.Q.wise, it implicitly asks what the real36of our own intelligence might be. This is on the mind of every animal weve ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would37on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, for instance, is running a smallscale study in operant conditioning. We believe that38animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for location. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really for, not merely how much of it there is.39, they would hope to study a fundamental question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in40the results are inconclusive.

A:features B:influences C:results D:costs