Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities

A new examination of urban policies has been     1     recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and     2     development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely¹ suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to   3    emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse       4     ．These  gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to       5      their residents."

Cities are       6      sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to² be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings³  highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term       7      ．

The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential      8     associated with climate include storm surges⁴ and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat     9    paved cities⁵ more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing  widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that  may  10  basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing    11     access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services. 

Local governments,     12    ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric     13    meaningful responses⁶,  Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don"t emphasize mass transit and reduce      14      use. In fact, many local  governments  are taking  a hands—off  approach⁷.” Thus, she urges them to change their      15      policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.

词汇：

vulnerable / "vʌlnərəbl / adj ．易受伤害的

infrastructure / "infrə,strʌktʃə / n ．基础设施

sociologist /,səusi"ɔlədʒist /n．社会学家

substandard / ,sʌb"stændəd / adj．标准以下的

dioxide / dai"ɔksaid / ．二氧化物

floodplain /"flʌdplein / n ．泛滥平原

注释：

1. likely：很可能，或许。在本句中用作副词。

2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。

3. findings：调查结果

4. storm surges：风暴潮

5. paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市

6. spring up：涌现

7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辞反应。这个词的意思是：（地方政府）话讲得很漂亮，但内容空洞。

8. a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政策

空1

A:carry along B:carried away C:carried out  D:carried back

Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk

    Fast food outlets could¹ provide statin drugs free of     1     so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London²     2      in a new

study．

    Statins reduce the      3      of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol³ in the blood. A wealth of trial data⁴ has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack      4      .

    In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology⁵，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is       5       to offset the increase in heart attack risk from       6       a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．

    Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the       7      effects of cheeseburgers and French fries⁶．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your       8      of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same    9    as a fast food meal increases it.”  “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they       10     , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense⁷ to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are   l 1    free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per    1 2     一not much different to a sachet of sugar⁸.” Dr Francis said．

   When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take     13     that lower their risk, 1ike    14     a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of     1 5     some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．

词汇：

statin/"stæ tIn/ n．降胆固醇药物

outlet/"autlit/ n．销售点

cholesterol/ kə"lestərɔl / n．胆固醇

offset /,ɔf"set/  V. 抵消，补偿

cheeseburger/ "tʃi:z,bə:ɡə / n．芝士汉堡包

milkshake! "milkʃeik / n．奶昔

condiment /"kɔndimənt]! n ．调味品

sachet /"sætʃei / ii ．小袋，小包

rational / "ræʃənəl / adj．合理的

注释：

1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”。

2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院

3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。

4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。

5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志

6. French fries:炸薯条

7.It makes sense...: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。

空1

A:change  B:charge C:chain D:chance

Dreams

　　Everyone can dream. Indeed, everyone does dream. Those who    1    that they never dream at all actually dream    2    as frequently as the rest of us,    3    they may not remember anything about it. Even those of us who are perfectly     4     of dreaming night    5    night very seldom remember those dreams in    6    detail but¹ merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our    7    , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste.
　　One of the world’s oldest    8    written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams. This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can    9    that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then. Many ancient civilizations believed that you    10    never wake a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return     11     time if the sleeper were suddenly    12    .
　　From ancient times to the present²    13    , people have been   14    attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance. There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation, although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream    15     there are books.

词汇：
frequently /"friːkwəntlɪ/ adv.频繁地，经常地；时常，屡次

seldom /"seldəm/ adv.很少，不常

retain /riˈtein/ vt.保持，记住

significance /sɪg"nɪfɪkəns/ n.重要性，意义

civilisation /,sɪvɪlaɪ"zeɪʃən/ n.文明，文化

interpret /ɪn"tɜːprɪt/ vt.解释，说明，口译

interpretation /ɪntɜːprɪ"teɪʃən/ n.解释，口译

注释：

1．...very seldom remember those dreams in detail but merely retain an untidy mixture...but...不……而是……
2．From ancient times to the present...从古至今……

空1

A:demand B:promise  C:agree D:claim

已知{a_n},{b_n}分别为等比数列与等差数列，a₁=b₁=1，则b₂≥a₂。

（1）a₂＞0（）
（2）a₁₀=b₁₀                                              

A:条件（1）充分，但条件（2）不充分 B:条件（2）充分，但条件（1）不充分 C:条件（1）和（2）单独都不充分，但条件（1）和（2）联合起来充分 D:条件（1）充分，条件（2）也充分 E:条件（1）和（2）单独都不充分，条件（1）和（2）联合起来也不充分

设有两个事务T1、T2有如下调度，产生的不一致性是（）
步骤             T1                T2
1              读A=100
2                                  读A=100
3.            A=A+10写回
4.                                 A=A-10

A:丢失修改  B:不可重复读  C:读脏数据  D:幻影读

从所给的四个选项中，选择最合适的一个填入问号处，使之呈现一定规律性：                                           A                     B                    C                      D

A:A  B:B  C:C  D:D

以下四个图形与其它图有区别的是?                 A                                            B                                             C                                     D

A:如上图所示  B:如上图所示  C:如上图所示  D:如上图所示