Education of Students with Vision Impairments

    This is specially designed education for children who are either partially sighted or blind¹. Vision impairments are diagnosed by medical doctors who examine the physical structures in the eye and evaluate the child"s ability to see shapes of different sizes at various distances. In the United States, approximately 12 out of 1,000 children receive some form of special education because of visual impairments.

    Partially sighted children may use a variety of adaptive aids² to see more clearly and to read printed text. These aids include magnifiers, which may be attached to eyeglasses； electronic systems for enlarging print³ and making it easier to see； and large-print books. Blind children usually are taught to read Braille，a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.⁴ In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.⁵ However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.⁶ Many students read paperless Braille with the aid of machines that mechanically raise the dots in a small panel as the reader progresses through the text. Because Braille cannot be read very rapidly， many blind students prefer to listen to books being read on tapes. Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech.⁷

    Many blind and partially sighted children receive orientation and mobility training⁸ as a part of their education. Specialists teach them how to travel independently in their schools and communities, often with an aid，such as a cane.

    Most children with vision impairments are educated in schools within their communities. Vision specialists may provide special materials and equipment, help teachers and classmates understand the children"s condition, and possibly provide additional instruction. The specialists may also teach partially sighted children how to use their remaining vision more effectively⁹ and instruct them in the use of adaptive aids.

    Some children with vision impairments attend special schools designed to meet their particular needs. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.¹⁰ They also have specially designed facilities, which m^y not be found in neighborhood schools, for blind children to participate in athletics and other activities.

    The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities, such as physical disabilities, developmental impairments, or hearing loss.¹¹ Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication，and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.¹²

词汇：

impairment / ɪmˈpeəmənt/ n. 损伤 

facility / fəˈsɪləti/ n. （常用复数）设备，设施
community / kəˈmju:nəti / n. 社区，社会 

emboss  /ɪm"bɒs / vt.  使浮凸，使突出
magnifier / ˈmægnɪfaɪə(r) / n. 放大镜 

athletics / æθˈletɪks / n. 体育运动
cane / keɪn / n. 手杖，藤  

synthesize /"sɪnθəsaɪz / vt.  合成

Braille / breɪl/ n. 盲文

注释：

1.partially sighted or blind：半盲或全盲的
2.a variety of adaptive aids：各种各样可调节的辅助装置
3.electronic systems for enlarging print：能够放大印刷字体的电子设备。print —词在这里指的 是印刷出来的字；在下文large-print中意思也一样。
4.Blind children usually are taught to read Braille, a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.盲童通常学习阅读盲文，盲文是由在纸上浮突出来的小圆点构成的（文字）系 统，用手触摸着读。
5.In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.把普通书籍转化成"^文在过去是很花时间的 事，保存大开本的书也要占很多地方。
6.However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.然而，现在大多数盲文文本是用电子手段转化而成的。
7.Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech. 些学生还使用阅读机，这种阅读机装有摄像 机来扫描印刷字体，然后电脑再把它们转化成电子合成的声音。equip sth. with...:用某 物来装备……
8.orientation and mobility training ：方向和移动训练
9.to use their remaining vision more effectively ：更有效地运用他/[门微I号的视力。remaining 的 意思是“剩下的，余下的”。
10. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.同寄宿学校一样，这些学校除了教学课程以外还癍供各种住宿设施Q as well as作 为介词短语意思是“除了……以外（也），和”。
11.The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities，such as physical disabilities，developmental impairments，or hearing loss.)(才 许多视力损伤的儿童的教育由于他们还患有其他伤残而变得愈加复杂化，如身体残疾、发 育不良、听力下降等。
12.Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication, and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.)(才这样的JL童的教育也许要强调语言和交流能力以及个人、社会和职业技能的培养，而不是强调学术能力。

Large-print books are those books which____

A:are printed with large pages B:have large words in them C:can be read by using a magnifier D:can be read with the aid of machines

Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) You hear a great many complaints today about the excessive security consciousness of our young people. My complaint is the (1) :in the large organizations especially, there are not enough job opportunities for those young people who need challenge and risk. Jobs in which there is greater emphasis on (2) performance of well-organized duties (3) on imagination especially for the beginner—are to be found, for instance, in the inside jobs (4) banking or insurance, (5) normally offer great job security but not rapid promotion or large pay. The same is (6) most government work, of the railroad industry, particularly in the clerical and engineering branches, and (7) most public (8) . The book keeping and accounting areas, especially in the larger companies, are generally of this type, too (9) a successful comptroller is an accountant (10) great management and business imagination. At the other extreme are (11) areas as buying, selling, and advertising, in which the (12) is on adaptability, on imagination, and on a desire to do new and different things. In those areas, (13) , there is little security, either personal or economic. The rewards, (14) , are high and come more rapidly. Major premium on imagination—though of a different kind and coupled (15) dogged persistence on details (16) in most research and engineering work. Jobs in production, as supervisor or executive, also demand much adaptability and imagination. (17) to popular belief, a very small business requires, above all, close attention to daily routine. Running a neighborhood drugstore or a small grocery, or being a toy jobber, is largely attention to details. But in very small business there is also (18) for quite a few people of the other type of personality--the innovator or imaginer. If successful, a man of this type soon ceases to be in a very small business. (19) the real innovator (20) is, still, no more promising opportunity in this country than that of building a large out of a very small business.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.20（）

A:at large B:in a long run C:in a short term D:by and large

With which of the following statements regarding the behavior of large firms in industrialized societies would the author agree

A:The directors of large firms will continue to anticipate the demand for products. B:The directors of large firms are less interested in achieving a predictable level of profit than in achieving a large profit. C:The directors of large firms will strive to reduce the costs of their products. D:Many directors of large firms believe that the government should establish the prices that will be charged for products.

The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ______.

A:large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment B:small species survived as large animals disappeared C:large sea animals may face the same threat today D:slow - growing fish outlive fast - growing ones

Passage One
Vegetable gardening is the relaxing art and science of turning a love for growing plants into a meaningful activity. Having vegetables in the backyard makes home gardening appealing for many people. In addition, vegetable gardening provides exercise and fun for both urban and suburban families.
Vegetable gardeners agree that many home-grown vegetables are superior to those purchased from markets. From spring through late fall, a well-planned and well-kept garden can provide a supply of fresh vegetables, thus increasing the nutrition of the family diet.
Freezers make it possible to keep some of the vegetables to be enjoyed at a later date. Other vegetables can be stored for a few months in a cool area.
Although the money spent for a garden may be little, one cannot escape the fact that gardening requires hard work and time. Many of the gardening tasks must be performed at times that are most inconvenient. Not doing jobs that should be done on a regular basis may result in failure and a negative feeling toward gardening.
One should not plant a garden that is too large for him to care for. A small, well-kept gar den is more enjoyable’ and profitable than a large neglected one. Vegetables do well in full sun light and need at least five or six hours of sun during the middle of the day. Too much shading results in poor plants and few vegetables. If possible, the garden should be near the house, so the gardener can work in it whenever they are free.
Soils for vegetables should be easily broken up and porous (多孔的) for quick water drainage and good aeration (透气). Usually the home owner has little choice in the soil type he can choose. Fortunately, many vegetables can be grown on poor soils if the soils are properly prepared.

The amount of money you spend on your garden （）

A:can be large B:must be large C:can not be large D:must not be small

The harder he (tried), the (worst) he (danced) before the (large) audience.

A:tried B:worst C:danced D:large

Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension Directions:In this part there are four passages. Each passage is followed by four comprehension questions. Read the passage and answer the questions. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. Passage One Vegetable gardening is the relaxing art and science of turning a love for growing plants into a meaningful activity. Having vegetables in the backyard makes home gardening appealing for many people. In addition, vegetable gardening provides exercise and fun for both urban and suburban families. Vegetable gardeners agree that many home-grown vegetables are superior to those purchased from markets. From spring through late fall, a well-planned and well-kept garden can provide a supply of fresh vegetables, thus increasing the nutrition of the family diet. Freezers make it possible to keep some of the vegetables to be enjoyed at a later date. Other vegetables can be stored for a few months in a cool area. Although the money spent for a garden may be little, one cannot escape the fact that gardening requires hard work and time. Many of the gardening tasks must be performed at times that are most inconvenient. Not doing jobs that should be done on a regular basis may result in failure and a negative feeling toward gardening. One should not plant a garden that is too large for him to care for. A small, well-kept gar den is more enjoyable’ and profitable than a large neglected one. Vegetables do well in full sun light and need at least five or six hours of sun during the middle of the day. Too much shading results in poor plants and few vegetables. If possible, the garden should be near the house, so the gardener can work in it whenever they are free. Soils for vegetables should be easily broken up and porous (多孔的) for quick water drainage and good aeration (透气). Usually the home owner has little choice in the soil type he can choose. Fortunately, many vegetables can be grown on poor soils if the soils are properly prepared.

The amount of money you spend on your garden （）

A:can be large B:must be large C:can not be large D:must not be small

The harder he (tried), the (worst) he (danced) before the (large) audience.

A:tried B:worst C:danced D:large