The Mir Space Station

1　The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space.

2　During Mir’s lifetime, Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.

3　The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to¹ 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United Statestook turns living on Mir for up to six months each². They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.

4　The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.

5　A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80 million, from many nations.³ Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid⁴, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996.

6　Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures.

7　Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir’s reputation as a space station was ruined.

8　Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though⁵, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it’s time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir.

词汇： 

pioneer / ,paɪə’nɪə(r)/ v．开拓

accomplishment / ə’kʌmplɪʃmənt, -’kɒm-/ n．成就

credit / ’kredɪt / v．归功于

host  / həʊst / n．主人

stopover / ’stɒpəʊvə(r) / n．中途短暂停留

multinational / ,mʌltɪ’næʃənl/ adj．多国的

ration / ’ræʃən / n．含量

helium / ’hi:ljəm/ n．氦

aboard /ə’bɔ:d/ prep．在（船、飞机、车）上

setback / ’setbæk/ n．挫折

milestone / ’maɪlstəʊn/ n．里程碑

habitation / ,hæbɪ’teɪʃən / n．居住

debt / det / n．债

注释：

1．play host to：当东道主

2．... seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each.来自美国的七位宇航员轮流在和平号上住了六个月之久。

take turns：轮流

living on Mir for up to six months each是现在分词短语，用作状语。

3．During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80 million, from many nations：在和平号存在的时间里，它是进行23 000个实验的实验室，并携带了许多国家提供的价值估计为8 000万美元的科学仪器。

estimated to be worth $80 million是过去分词短语，用作定语。

4．The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid ...：美国人停留时间最长的一次是Shannon Lucid的那一次……

that替代前半句的stay。

5．Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though ... ：但是，和平号这些挫折算不了什么……

though：但是

B　a great success

C　a tremendous failure

D　nothing

E　many firsts

The writer tends to think that Mir was ________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

The Enemy Within

    Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.

    Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. ____1____ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.

    An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. ____2____ As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately.

    ____3____ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma.

    ____4____ We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite.

    There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. ____5____

    A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future.

词汇：

allergy ["ælədʒɪ] n. 过敏，过敏症

sufferer ["sʌfərə] n. 患者，受害者

asthma ["æsmə] n. 哮喘

substance ["sʌbst(ə)ns] n. 物质

pollen ["pɒlən] n. 花粉

micro-organism n. 微生物

antibodies n. antibody的复数形式，意为抗体

allergen ["ælədʒ(ə)n] n. 过敏源

nut [nʌt] n. 坚果

histamine ["hɪstəmiːn] n. 组织胺，组胺

tissue ["tɪʃuː; "tɪsjuː] n. 人体组织

symptom ["sɪm(p)təm] n. 病症，征兆

rash [ræʃ] n. 疱疹

sneezing ["sni:ziŋ] n. 打喷嚏

breathlessness ["breθlisnis] n. 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁

anaphylaxis  [,ænəfɪ"læksɪs] n. 全身性过敏反应，过敏反应

wasp [wɒsp] n. 黄蜂

sting [stɪŋ] n. 蟄，咬

hayfever n. 枯草热，花粉病

additives n. 添加剂，食品添加剂

cure [kjʊə; kjɔː] n. 治疗，解药

注释：

1．suffer from...忍受^的折磨

2．be devoted to sth. ...全身心投入于^

练习：

A　The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.

B　In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.

C　Allergies run in families.

D　International differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population have allergy.

E　When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.

空1

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Across the Deserts

　　The SaharaDesertis the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa fromSenegaltoEgypt. TheSaharaDesertis an unfriendly environment. During the day it"s very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in theSahara.

　　In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.

　　On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across theSahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.

　　Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That"s a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.

　　The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn"t see. One time they got lost. But they didn"t quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across theSaharaDesert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of theRed Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.

　　词汇：

　　Stretch / strɛtʃ / v. 延伸，伸展

　　Calorie / "kælərɪ / n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡

　　Quit / kwɪt / v. 停止，放

　　注释：

Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.

A:Right B:Wrong C:mentioned

Across the Deserts

　　The SaharaDesertis the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa fromSenegaltoEgypt. TheSaharaDesertis an unfriendly environment. During the day it"s very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in theSahara.

　　In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.

　　On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across theSahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.

　　Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That"s a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.

　　The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn"t see. One time they got lost. But they didn"t quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across theSaharaDesert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of theRed Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.

　　词汇：

　　Stretch / strɛtʃ / v. 延伸，伸展

　　Calorie / "kælərɪ / n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡

　　Quit / kwɪt / v. 停止，放

　　注释：

In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.

A:Right B:Wrong C:mentioned

Across the Deserts

　　The SaharaDesertis the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa fromSenegaltoEgypt. TheSaharaDesertis an unfriendly environment. During the day it"s very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in theSahara.

　　In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.

　　On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across theSahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.

　　Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That"s a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.

　　The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn"t see. One time they got lost. But they didn"t quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across theSaharaDesert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of theRed Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.

　　词汇：

　　Stretch / strɛtʃ / v. 延伸，伸展

　　Calorie / "kælərɪ / n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡

　　Quit / kwɪt / v. 停止，放

　　注释：

They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.

A:Right B:Wrong C:mentioned

Across the Deserts

　　The SaharaDesertis the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa fromSenegaltoEgypt. TheSaharaDesertis an unfriendly environment. During the day it"s very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in theSahara.

　　In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.

　　On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across theSahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.

　　Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That"s a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.

　　The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn"t see. One time they got lost. But they didn"t quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across theSaharaDesert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of theRed Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.

　　词汇：

　　Stretch / strɛtʃ / v. 延伸，伸展

　　Calorie / "kælərɪ / n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡

　　Quit / kwɪt / v. 停止，放

　　注释：

On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.

A:Right B:Wrong C:mentioned

1克分子丙酮酸在线粒体内彻底氧化生成C0₂及H₂0可产ATP（）

A:10个 B:6个 C:8个 D:11个 E:15个

有限长序列h（n）（0≤n≤N-1）关于τ=偶对称的条件是（）。

A:h（n）=h（N-n） B:h（n）=h（N-n-1） C:h（n）=h（-n） D:h（n）=h（N+n-1）

ATP是细胞内流通着的“能量货币”。下列关于ATP的说法中，错误的是：（）①参与ATP形成的元素包括C、H、O、N、P②ATP的生成与水解分别与细胞内的吸能与放能反应相联系③1mol的葡萄糖完全氧化分解释放的能量大部分储藏在ATP中④ATP是各种活细胞内普遍存在的一种高能磷酸化合物

A:②③ B:②④ C:①③ D:①④