A:rapid speed of transactions B:misunderstandings C:inflation D:difficulties for the traders

There are various in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system and the traditional system.
In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modem market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.
An alternative to the .market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planing of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.
In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: every person’s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.
According to the passage, a barter economy can lead to ______.

A:rapid speed of transaction B:misunderstanding C:inflation D:difficulties for the traders

第三篇 Alaska 　　In 1959 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state, symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867, when the peninsula(半岛) was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1 ,500 ,000 square kilometers “of icebergs and polar bears”一beyond Canada’s western borders, far from the settled areas of the United States. 　　In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down. 　　Alaska is America’s largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. According to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated. 　　Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait, named for Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741.The Eskimos are the state’s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed. 　　In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the US mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages. 　　The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the state’s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska’s single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals. What is true about the Eskimos?

A:They are the natives of Alaska. B:They moved to Alaska from Denmark. C:They had a long fight with the Russia traders. D:They discovered gold near the Klondike River.

( ) are the traditional trade terms frequently used by traders in the world．

A:CIF B:FCA C:CFR D:FOB

when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract，the exporter should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready．( )

When buyer and seller discuss the terms of the contract，terms of shipment are (1) ．Terms of shipment include methods of transport，time for shipment，partial shipment and transshipment，port or place of loading and unloading， (2) ，etc．when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract，they should take the following into account：The (3) should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready．The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and (4) way．Sometimes，the L/C simply stipulates an expiry date without a shipment date，which means these two dates are (5) ．

A:importance B:necessity C:compulsory D:major

When buyer and seller discuss the terms of the contract，terms of shipment are (1) ．Terms of shipment include methods of transport，time for shipment，partial shipment and transshipment，port or place of loading and unloading， (2) ，etc．when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract，they should take the following into account：The (3) should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready．The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and (4) way．Sometimes，the L/C simply stipulates an expiry date without a shipment date，which means these two dates are (5) ．

A:shipping documents B:teams of payment C:trade terms D:insurance policy

When buyer and seller discuss the terms of the contract，terms of shipment are (1) ．Terms of shipment include methods of transport，time for shipment，partial shipment and transshipment，port or place of loading and unloading， (2) ，etc．when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract，they should take the following into account：The (3) should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready．The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and (4) way．Sometimes，the L/C simply stipulates an expiry date without a shipment date，which means these two dates are (5) ．

A:importer B:carrier C:consignee D:exporter

When buyer and seller discuss the terms of the contract，terms of shipment are (1) ．Terms of shipment include methods of transport，time for shipment，partial shipment and transshipment，port or place of loading and unloading， (2) ，etc．when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract，they should take the following into account：The (3) should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready．The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and (4) way．Sometimes，the L/C simply stipulates an expiry date without a shipment date，which means these two dates are (5) ．

A:inflexible B:flexible C:inadaptable D:adaptable

When buyer and seller discuss the terms of the contract，terms of shipment are (1) ．Terms of shipment include methods of transport，time for shipment，partial shipment and transshipment，port or place of loading and unloading， (2) ，etc．when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract，they should take the following into account：The (3) should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready．The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and (4) way．Sometimes，the L/C simply stipulates an expiry date without a shipment date，which means these two dates are (5) ．

A:separated B:the same C:different D:similar