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Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack
In the aftermath of 1 the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, structural engineers are trying hard to solve a question that a month ago would have been completely unthinkable ： Can building be designed to withstand catastrophic blasts inflicted by terrorists?
Ten days after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers，structural engineers from the University at Buffalo and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) headquartered at UB traveled to ground zero 2 as part of a project funded by the National Science Foundation. Visiting the site as part of an MCEER reconnaissance visit, they spent two days beginning the task of formulating ideas about how to design such structures and searching for clues on how to do so in buildings that were damaged,but still are standing 3.
“Our objective in visiting ground zero was to go and look at the buildings surrounding the World Trade Center,those buildings that are still standing,but that sustained damage 4," said M. Bruneau,Ph. D. “ Our immediate hope is that we can develop a better understanding as to why those buildings remain standing, while our long-term goal is to see whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies 5 to achieve enhanced performance of buildings 6 in the event of terrorist attacks. ” he added.
Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail 7 the monumental damage inflicted on the WorldTradeCentertowers and buildings in the vicinity. One building a block away from the towers remains standing,but was badly damaged. "This building is many meters away from the World Trade Center and yet we see a column there that used to be part of that building ”， explained A. Whittaker,Ph. D. "The column became a missile that shot across the road,through the window and through the floor. ”
The visit to the area also revealed some surprises,according to the engineers. For example,the floor framing 8 systems in one of the adjacent buildings was quite rugged,allowing floors that were pierced by tons of falling debris to remain intact 9. “Highly redundant ductile framing systems may provide a simple, but robust strategy for blast resistance. ” he added. Other strategies may include providing alternate paths for gravity loads in the event that a load-bearing column fails. “ We also need a better understanding of the mechanism of collapse"，said A. Whittaker. "We need to find out what causes a building to collapse and how you can predict it. ”
A. Reinhorn,Ph. D. noted that “earthquake shaking has led to the collapse of many buildings in the past. It induces dynamic response and extremely high stresses and deformations in structural components. Solutions developed for earthquake-resistant design may be directly applicable to blast engineering and terrorist-resistant design. Part of our mission now at UB is to transfer these solutions and to develop new ones where none exist at present. ”
词汇：
aftermath \"ɑ:ftəmæθ\ 后果，结果
withstand \ wɪð"stænd \ 经受住
inflict \ ɪn"flɪkt \ 使遭受，施加
reconnaissance \rɪˈkɒnɪsns\ 勘察；侦察
in the vicinity 附近
debris \ ˈ deɪbri: \ 碎片
intact \ ɪn"tækt \ 未受损伤的，完整无缺的
ductile \ˈdʌktaɪl \可伸展的，易变形的
注释：
1.in the aftermath of…：在……（灾难性的事件发生）后的一段时间内。例如：in the aftermath of the Second World War:第二次世界大战结束后的时期.
2.ground zero:世界贸易中心（双子塔）被毁现场
3.buildings that were damaged，but still are standing:那些已损坏但未倒塌的建筑
4.but that sustained damage:但遭到了损坏。sustain：蒙受，遭受（伤害或损失）。
5.whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies:抗震技术能否与现有的建筑技术相结合。be married to:与……相结合。
6.to achieve enhanced performance of buildings:以提高建筑的性能
7.in startling detail:以令人吃惊的细节
8.the floor framing:楼板骨架
9.allowing floors that were pierced by tons of falling debris to remain intact:那些被成吨的残片击穿的楼板得以完整无缺。
The project funded by the National Science Foundation____.
A:was first proposed by some engineers at UB B:took about two days to complete C:was to investigate the damage caused by the terrorist attack D:was to find out why some buildings could survive the blasts
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) . Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.
One of the earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care
based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek’ physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Airs, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth century.
A:foundation B:rejection C:integration D:acceptance
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, relied’upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.
One of the. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth century.
A:foundation B:rejection C:integration D:acceptance
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) . Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.
One of the earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care
based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek’ physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Airs, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth century.
A:foundation B:rejection C:integration D:acceptance
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, relied’upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.
One of the. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth century
A:foundation B:rejection C:integration D:acceptance
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, relied’upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.
One of the. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth century.
A:foundation B:rejection C:integration D:acceptance
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, relied’upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.
One of the. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth century.
A:foundation B:rejection C:integration D:acceptance
Cloud computing is a phrase used to describe a variety of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers (1) through a real-time communication network such as the Internet. In science, cloud computing is a (2)for distributed computing over a network, and means the (3) to run a program or application on many connected computers at the same time. The architecture of a cloud is developed at three layers: infrastructure, platform, and application. The infrastructure layer is built with virtualized compute, storage, and network resources. The platform layer is for general-purpose and repeated usage of the collection of software resources. The application layer is formed with a collection of all needed software modules for SaaS applications. The infrastructure layer serves as the (4)for building the platform layer of the cloud. In turn, the platform layer is a foundation for implementing the (5) layer for SaaS applications.
空白（4）处应选择（）A:network B:foundation C:software D:hardware
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