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Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers
Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study1, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys2.
While young male chimps pass their time playing. Young female chimps carefully study their mothers. As a result, they learn how to fish for3 tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.
Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania4 learned “cultural behavior”.
The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent”, says the team. The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to5 skills such as writing. “A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back6 at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal Nature.
Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool. The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths.
Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip7 and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.
Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.
Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus monkeys. “Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant8. This makes hunting difficult,” she says .“Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” So becoming proficient at termite fishing9 could mean adult females eat better, “They can watch their offspring at the same time. The young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles10 at a very young age.”
词汇：
chimp /tʃɪmp /v.黑猩猩
outlearn / aʊt"lɜ:n /v.在学习上胜过
munch / mʌntʃ /v.用力嚼；津津有味地吃
frolic / "frɒlɪk /n.嬉戏；v.(-icked;-icking)
termite/ "tɜ:maɪt /n白蚁
offspring/ "ɒfsprɪŋ /n 子孙，后代
colobus/ "kɒləbəs /n疣猴
注释：
1.suggest a new study：倒装句，正常语序是a new study suggests（一项新的研究表明）。
2.echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys：与人类女孩男孩之间的学习差异相仿。
3.fish for：捕获。fish：to catch or pull as if fishing捕鱼似地捞
4.Tanzania：坦桑尼亚，非洲中东部国家，位于印度洋沿岸
5.with regard to：关于，在……方面
6.date back to：回溯至
7.with every dip：猩猩是用植物作为工具来捕食白蚁，因此这里的意思是，每次将植物插入蚁穴。
8.burdened with a clinging infant：身上吊着小猩猩
9.becoming proficient at termite fishing：分词短语在句中充当主语，意为：学会有效地捕获白蚁。
10.pursue activities related to their adult sex roles：进行与它们成年后的性别角色有关的活动。
How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing?
A:They like hunting. B:They enjoy fighting. C:It helps them to stay fit. D:It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future.
Importance of Services
The United Stateshas moved beyond the industrial economy stage to the point where it has become the world’s first service economy 1. Almost three-fourths of the nonfarm labor force is employed in service industries, and over two-thirds of the nation’s gross national product is accounted for by services. Also, service jobs typically hold up better during a recession than do jobs in industries producing tangible goods 2.
During the 20-year period of 1966 to 1986, about 36 million new jobs were created in theUnited States—far more than inJapanandWestern Europecombined. About 90 percent of these jobs were in service industries. During this same time span, some 22 million women joined the labor force—and 97 percent of these women went to work in the service sector. These employment trends are expected to continue at least until the year 2000. For the period 1986-2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that over 21 million new jobs will be created and 93 percent of them will be in service industries.
Moreover, most of this explosive growth in services employment is not in low-paying jobs, contrary to the beliefs of many economists 3, business and labor leaders, and politicians. These people argue that manufacturing jobs, which have been the economic foundation ofAmerica"s middle class, are vanishing. They claim that factory workers are being replaced with a host of 4 low-wage earners. It is true that manufacturing jobs have declined, with many of them going to foreign countries. It is also true that there has been growth in some low-paying service jobs. Yet cooks and counter people still represent only 1 percent of theU. S.labor force today: Furthermore, for many years the fastest-growing occupational category has been “professional, technical, and related work.” These jobs pay well above the average, and most are in service industries.
About one-half of consumer expenditures are for the purchase of services. Projections to the year 2000 5 indicate that services will attract an even larger share of consumer spending. A drawback of the service economy boom is that the prices of most services have been going up at a considerably faster rate than the prices of most tangible products. You are undoubtedly aware of this if you have had your car or TV set repaired, had your shoes half-soled, or paid a medical bill in recent years.
When we say that services account for close to one-half of consumer expenditures 6, we still grossly understate the economic importance of services. These figures do not include the vast amounts spent for business services. By all indications 7, spending for business services has increased even more rapidly than spending for consumer services.
词汇
gross national product 国民生产总值，略作
GNP tangible goods 有形商品
drawback [ˈdrɔ:bæk] n.缺点 不利条件 退款 退税;
understated [ˌʌndəˈsteɪtɪd] vi.没有充分表达实情地陈述，打折扣地报道
注释：
1.TheUnited Stateshas moved beyond the industrial economy stage to the point where it has become the world’s first service economy. 美国已经跨越了工业经济的阶段，成为世界上第一个服务型经济的国家。
5.projections to the year 2000…：……到2000年的规划……
6.account for close to one-half of consumer expenditures…：……占了将近一半的消费开支……close to的意思是“接近……”。例如：We have a parking lot close to our street.在街道附近我们有一个停车场。
7.by all indications…：根据所有的迹象来看……
The importance of services can be shown____.
A:only by consumer expenditure B:only by money spent on business services C:by money spent on business services as well as on consumer services D:only by money spent on food and housing
The world has spent on preparations for war more than $112 billion a year, roughly $ 450 per head for every man, woman, and child in the world. Let us consider for a moment what could be done with this sum of money if it were spent on peace and not on war. Some of it, at any rate, in the more prosperous countries, could be spent on the reduction of taxation. The rest should be spent in ways that will, at the same time, be of benefit to mankind and a solution to the economic problem of conversion from war industry to the expansion of peace industries. As to this expansion, let us begin with the most elementary of all needs, namely food. At present, the majority of mankind suffers from undernourishment, and in view of the population explosion, this situation is likely to grow worse in the coming decades. A very small part of what is now being spent upon armaments would rectify our predicament. Not only could the American surplus of grain, which was for many years uselessly destroyed, be spent in relief of famine, but, by irrigation, large regions now desert could be made fertile, and, by improvement in transport, distribution from regions of excess to regions of scarcity could be facilitated.
Housing, even in the richest countries, is often disastrously inadequate. This could be remedied by a tiny fraction of what is being spent on missiles. Education everywhere, but especially in the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia, demands an expenditure many times as great as that which it receives at present. But it is not only greater expenditure that is needed in education. If the terror of war were removed, science could be devoted to improving human welfare, instead of to the invention of increasingly expensive methods of mutual slaughter, and schools would no longer think it a part of their duty to promote hatred of possible enemies by means of ignorance tempered by lies.
By the help of modern techniques, the world could enter upon a period of happiness and prosperity far surpassing anything known in previous history. All this is possible. It requires only a different outlook on international affairs and a different state of mind toward those nations which are now regarded as enemies. This is possible. I repeat, but it cannot be done all at once. To reverse the trend of affairs in the most powerful nation of the world is no light task and will require a difficult process of reeducation.
According to the author, the problem of malnutrition
A:will probably become more critical because America destroys its surplus goods. B:will probably become worse because large regions are desert. C:will probably become more critical because the population increases dramatically. D:will become worse because more are spent on preparations for war.
The world has spent on preparations for war more than $112 billion a year, roughly $ 450 per head for every man, woman, and child in the world. Let us consider for a moment what could be done with this sum of money if it were spent on peace and not on war. Some of it, at any rate, in the more prosperous countries, could be spent on the reduction of taxation. The rest should be spent in ways that will, at the same time, be of benefit to mankind and a solution to the economic problem of conversion from war industry to the expansion of peace industries. As to this expansion, let us begin with the most elementary of all needs, namely food. At present, the majority of mankind suffers from undernourishment, and in view of the population explosion, this situation is likely to grow worse in the coming decades. A very small part of what is now being spent upon armaments would rectify our predicament. Not only could the American surplus of grain, which was for many years uselessly destroyed, be spent in relief of famine, but, by irrigation, large regions now desert could be made fertile, and, by improvement in transport, distribution from regions of excess to regions of scarcity could be facilitated.
Housing, even in the richest countries, is often disastrously inadequate. This could be remedied by a tiny fraction of what is being spent on missiles. Education everywhere, but especially in the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia, demands an expenditure many times as great as that which it receives at present. But it is not only greater expenditure that is needed in education. If the terror of war were removed, science could be devoted to improving human welfare, instead of to the invention of increasingly expensive methods of mutual slaughter, and schools would no longer think it a part of their duty to promote hatred of possible enemies by means of ignorance tempered by lies.
By the help of modern techniques, the world could enter upon a period of happiness and prosperity far surpassing anything known in previous history. All this is possible. It requires only a different outlook on international affairs and a different state of mind toward those nations which are now regarded as enemies. This is possible. I repeat, but it cannot be done all at once. To reverse the trend of affairs in the most powerful nation of the world is no light task and will require a difficult process of reeducation.
What can be inferred from the text
A:By diverting the money spent on preparations for war, peaceful purposes can easily be achieved. B:People need to change their present viewpoint to live in happiness and harmony. C:Science has always been properly applied. D:Our world will soon become a more prosperous and happier one.
Importance of Services
The United States has moved beyond the industrial economy stage to the point where it has become the world’s first service economy. Almost three fourths of the non-farm labor force is employed in service industries, and over two-thirds of the nation’s gross national product is accounted for by services. Also, service jobs typically hold up better during a recession than do jobs in industries producing tangible goods.
During the 20-year period of 1966 to 1986, about 36 million new jobs were created in the United States — far more than in Japan and Western Europe combined. About 90 per cent of these jobs were in service industries. During this same time span, some 22 million women joined the labor force — and 97 per cent of these women went to work in the service sector. These employment trends are expected to continue at least until the year 2000. For the period 1986—2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that over 21 million new jobs will be created and 93 per cent of them will be in service industries.
Moreover, most of this explosive growth in services employment is not in low — paying jobs, contrary to the beliefs of many economists, business and labor leaders, and politicians. These people argue that manufacturing jobs, which have been the economic foundation of America’s middle class, are vanishing. They claim that factory workers are being replaced with a host of low-wage earners. It is true that manufacturing jobs have declined, with many of them going to foreign countries. It is also true that there has been growth in some low-paying service jobs. Yet cooks and counter people still represent only 1 per cent of the US labor force today. Furthermore, for many years the fastest-growing occupational category has been "professional, technical, and related work." These jobs pay well above the average, and most are in service industries.
About one-half of consumer expenditures are for the purchase of services. Projections to the year 2000 indicate that services will attract all even larger share of consumer spending. A drawback of the service economy boom is that the prices of most services have been going up at a considerably faster rate than the prices of most tangible products. You are undoubtedly aware of this if you have had your car or TV set repaired, had your shoes half-soled, or paid a medical bill in recent years.
When we say that services account for close to one-half of consumer expenditures, we still grossly understate the economic importance of services. These figures do not include the vast amounts spent for business services. By all indications, spending for business services has increased even more rapidly than spending for consumer services.
gross national product 国民生产总值, 略作 GNP
tangible goods 有形商品
drawback n. 缺点; 不利条件
The importance of services can be shown______.
A:only by consumer expenditure B:only by money spent on business services C:by money spent on business services as well as on consumer services D:only by money spent on food and housing
{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}
| ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? {{B}}Importance of Services{{/B}} ? ?The United States has moved beyond the industrial economy stage to the point where it has become the world’s first service economy. Almost three-fourths of the nonfarm labor force is employed in service industries, and over two-thirds of the nation’s gross national product is accounted for by services. Also, service jobs typically hold up better during a recession than do jobs in industries producing tangible goods. ? ?During the 20-year period of 1966 to 1986, about 36 million new jobs were created in the United States--far more than in Japan and Western Europe combined. About 90 percent of these jobs were in service industries. During this same time span, some 22 million women joined the labor force--and 97 percent of these women went to work in the service sector. These employment trends are expected to continue at least until the year 2000. For the period 1986- 2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that over 21 million new jobs will be created and 93 percent of them will be in service industries. ? ?Moreover, most of this explosive growth in services employment is not in low-paying jobs, contrary to the beliefs of many economists, business and labor leaders, and politicians. These people argue that manufacturing jobs, which have been the economic foundation of America’s middle class, are vanishing. They claim that factory workers are being replaced with a host of low-wage earners. It is tree that manufacturing jobs have declined, with many of them going to foreign countries. It is also true that there has been growth in some low-paying service jobs. Yet cooks and counter people still represent only 1 percent of the U.S. labor force today. Furthermore, for many years the fastest-growing occupational category has been "professional, technical, and related work." These jobs pay well above the average, and most are in service industries. ? ?About one-half of consumer expenditures are for the purchase of services. Projections to the year 2000 indicate that services will attract an even larger share of consumer spending. A drawback of the service economy boom is that the prices of most services have been going up at a considerably faster rate than the prices of most tangible products. You are undoubtedly aware of this if you have had your car or TV set repaired, had your shoes half-soled, or paid a medical bill in recent years. ? ?When we say that services account for close to one-half of consumer expenditures, we still grossly understate the economic importance of services. These figures do not include the vast amounts spent for business services. By all indications, spending for business services has increased even more rapidly than spending for consumer services. |
A:only by consumer expenditure. B:only by money spent on business services. C:by money spent on business services as well as on consumer services. D:only by money spent on food and housing.
{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}
| ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?{{B}}Importance of
Services{{/B}} ? ?The United States has moved beyond the industrial economy stage to the point where it has become the world’s first service economy. Almost three fourths of the non-farm labor force is employed in service industries, and over two-thirds of the nation’s gross national product is accounted for by services. Also, service jobs typically hold up better during a recession than do jobs in industries producing tangible goods. ? ?During the 20-year period of 1966 to 1986, about 36 million new jobs were created in the United States — far more than in Japan and Western Europe combined. About 90 per cent of these jobs were in service industries. During this same time span, some 22 million women joined the labor force — and 97 per cent of these women went to work in the service sector. These employment trends are expected to continue at least until the year 2000. For the period 1986—2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that over 21 million new jobs will be created and 93 per cent of them will be in service industries. ? ?Moreover, most of this explosive growth in services employment is not in low — paying jobs, contrary to the beliefs of many economists, business and labor leaders, and politicians. These people argue that manufacturing jobs, which have been the economic foundation of America’s middle class, are vanishing. They claim that factory workers are being replaced with a host of low-wage earners. It is true that manufacturing jobs have declined, with many of them going to foreign countries. It is also true that there has been growth in some low-paying service jobs. Yet cooks and counter people still represent only 1 per cent of the US labor force today. Furthermore, for many years the fastest-growing occupational category has been "professional, technical, and related work." These jobs pay well above the average, and most are in service industries. ? ?About one-half of consumer expenditures are for the purchase of services. Projections to the year 2000 indicate that services will attract all even larger share of consumer spending. A drawback of the service economy boom is that the prices of most services have been going up at a considerably faster rate than the prices of most tangible products. You are undoubtedly aware of this if you have had your car or TV set repaired, had your shoes half-soled, or paid a medical bill in recent years. ? ?When we say that services account for close to one-half of consumer expenditures, we still grossly understate the economic importance of services. These figures do not include the vast amounts spent for business services. By all indications, spending for business services has increased even more rapidly than spending for consumer services. ? ?gross national product 国民生产总值, 略作 GNP ? ?tangible goods 有形商品 ? ?drawback n. 缺点; 不利条件 |
A:only by consumer expenditure B:only by money spent on business services C:by money spent on business services as well as on consumer services D:only by money spent on food and housing
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