Surgery Involving the Heart

    1. The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator¹) is a valuable addition to the modern operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done. There are several types of machines in use, all of which serve as² a temporary substitute for³ the patient’s heart and lungs.

    2. The machine siphons off⁴ the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of⁵ an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide⁶ is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also “defoamed” to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above.

    3. Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves made of⁷ plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron or other synthetic material have also been successfully used.

    4. Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves. However, research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipient’s antibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.

词汇：

thoracic/θɔ(:)ˈræsik/ adj.胸的，胸廓的

endocarditis/ˌendəukɑ:ˈdaitis/ n.心内膜炎

artery/ˈɑ:təri/ n.动脉

valve/vælv/ n.瓣，瓣膜

oxygenate/ˈɔksidʒineit/ n.氧合，充氧

dacron/ˈdeɪˌkrɔn, ˈdækˌrɔn/ n.漆纶

inlet/ˈinlet/ n.进入，入口；插入物

synthetic/sinˈθetik/ adj.合成的

defoam /di:"fəʊm/ vt.去除……的泡沫

ventricle/ˈventrɪkl/ n.室，心室

bubble/"bʌb(ə)l/ n.水泡，气泡

recipient/rɪ"sɪpɪənt/ n.接受者

obstruct /əb"strʌkt/ vt.阻塞，堵塞

antibody/"æntɪbɒdɪ/ n.抗体

注释：

1.pump-oxygenator：氧合气泵

2.serve as：充当，作为

3.substitute for：代替，替换

4.siphon off：吮吸出

5.by means of：用，依靠

6.carbon dioxide：二氧化碳

7.made of：由……制成的

请注意下面两个词组的区别：

be made of：由……材料制成（只是经过物理变化）

be made from：由……原料制成（需要经过化学变化）

例如：The bridge is made of steel.这座桥是用钢材造的。

Steel is made from iron.钢是由铁炼成的。

B to perform many surgical operations on the chest

C when it passes through the heart-lung machine

D and they no longer obstruct the blood flow

E to match tissues of the donor and the recipient

F when the ineffective valves are replaced by artificial ones

The blood is oxygenated and carbon dioxide in it is removed ______.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

第1篇 Centers of the Great European Cities The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere. Squares, plazas(广场)and arcades(拱廊) form the heart of Europe’s cities. Venice in Italy has the Plazza San Marco, a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and’ cafes. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London’s Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats(杂技演员)and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, they serve as a beautiful backdrop (背景) to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames. These vibrant(有活力的) hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. "The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don’t see all the mistakes , "said Garreau, "Those have all been removed. " Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to people’s homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans’ life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people together with tourists, provide the city centers with the reason for existence. Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos(浓咖啡) and cigarettes. Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community.Why do people think that Venice is so great

A:Because it is a famous tourist attraction. B:Because you can reach anywhere by boat. C:Because it is well-known for its merchants. D:Because all the mistakes have been removed.

Centers of the Great European Cities The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere. Squares, plazas (广场) and arcades (拱廊) form the heart of Europe’s cities. Venice in Italy has the Plazza San Marco a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafés. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London’s Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats (杂技演员) and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, they serve as a beautiful backdrop (北) to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames. These vibrant (有活力的) hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. "The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don’t see all the mistakes, " said Garreau, "Those have all been removed. " Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to people’s homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans’ life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people together with tourists, provide the city centers with the reason for existence. Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos (浓咖啡) and cigarettes. Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People In Roman Catholic countries used to visit the church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community.

A:Because it is a famous tourist attraction. B:Because you can reach anywhere by boat. C:Because it is well-known for its merchants. D:Because all the mistakes have been removed.

Passage Four
Increasingly, over the past ten years, people -- especially young people have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed food, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers, widely used in farming today.
Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount-- but not the quality -- of foods grown in commercial farming areas.
Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.
There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is presented in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence emphasis placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modem experts on "healthy eating."

A:foods containing large quantities of refined flour and vegetables B:foods with fibers removed C:foods with more fibers D:food with additives

John removed his overcoat.

A:took away B:left aside C:took off D:washed off

John {{U}}removed{{/U}} his overcoat.

A:took away B:left aside C:took off D:washed off

John {{U}}removed{{/U}} his overcoat.

A:took away B:left aside C:took off D:washed off