? ?Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing;the major problems include commercial, political,and foreign exchange risk.
? ? ?(46) ? They include solvency,default,or refusal to pay bills. The major risk,however,is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. ?(47) ? Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered,a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. ?(48) ? The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.
? ?Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion,and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. ?(49) ? Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market.
? ?Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. ?(50) ? International Business Machine Corporaion,for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21. 6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluation of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.

• A．Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.
• B．One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.
• C．Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal, credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.
• D．The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.
• E．Floating exchange rates of the world’s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.
• F．Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:give B:put C:take D:have

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:in B:at C:by D:to

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:yet B:never C:once D:ever

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:threat B:danger C:risk D:harm

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:Concerning B:Regarding C:Depending D:According

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:such B:just C:even D:well

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:strict B:severe C:strong D:heavy

? ?Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists ?(51) ? the blame for reeent natural disasters on the increase ?(52) ? the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ?(53) ? before, the Earth is at ?(54) ? from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. ? ?(55) ? to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, ?(56) ? as hurricanes and droughts, even more ?(57) ? and causing sea levels all around the world to ?(58) ?
? ?Environmental groups are putting ?(59) ? on governments to take action to reduce the ?(60) ? of carbon dioxide which is given ?(61) ? by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in ?(62) ? of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power ?(63) ?
? ?Some scientists, ?(64) ? , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait ?(65) ? hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

A:raise B:arise C:rise D:lift