What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

What is logistics?( )

A:It is a set of procedures in which goods are delivered from suppliers to customers in the manner of cost efficient and well service. B:It is a part of a process to deliver goods and services from one place to another. C:It is a process to transport and store goods. D:It is the information system for goods movement.

What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

,Which of the following is a key aspect of logistics?( )

A:Goods. B:Customers. C:Suppliers. D:Movement of goods.

What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

Which of the following is a transportation mode for goods delivery?( )

A:Clothes. B:Services. C:Motor. D:Electricity.

What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

How is flow of goods controlled?( )

A:By hardware. B:By software. C:By people. D:By both hardware and software.

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village and each of them was built around its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day’s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk.
The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it.
Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to “forestall the market” by buying goods outside it, and to “regrate” them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things.
Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.
The expression “forestall the market” ( Line 1, Para. 3) probably means

A:to buy goods from a stall outside the market place. B:to acquire goods in quantity before the market. C:to have the best and the first stall in the market. D:to sell at a higher price than competitors.

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village and each of them was built around its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day’s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk.
The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it.
Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to “forestall the market” by buying goods outside it, and to “regrate” them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things.
Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it

The expression “forestall the market” ( Line 1, Para. 3) probably means（）

A:to buy goods from a stall outside the market place. B:to acquire goods in quantity before the market. C:to have the best and the first stall in the market. D:to sell at a higher price than competitors.

Marketing, in economics, is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. In popular usage it is defined as the distribution and sale of goods, the word DISTRIBUTION being understood in a broader sense than the technical economic one. Marketing includes the activities of all those who are engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer--not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who warehouse, grade, transport, in sure, finance, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer. In a modern capitalist economy, where all production is for a market, such activities are of first importance l it is estimated that more than 50% of the price paid by the final consumer is made up of the cost of marketing. Where production is for direct use, as in the subsistence farm, the feudal manor (庄园), or the communal group, there is little need for exchange of good because the division of labour is poorly developed and most people produce the same or similar goods. Interregional exchange between disparate geographic areas depends on adequate means of transportation. This, before the development of area travel and navigation, there was little change of the products of one region for those of another. Where systems of transportation are well developed as in the Mediterranean in ancient times and throughout most of the world in modern times, interregional trade has been substantial. The village market of fair, the itinerant (巡游的) merchant or peddle, and the shop where customers could have such goods as shoes and furniture made to order were features of marketing up in rural Europe.

According to the passage the activities of marketing in popular sense are involved in （　）

A:wholesale and retail on the market B:buying and selling directly C:the process of production and exchange D:the transfer of goods from producer to consumer

Marketing, in economics, is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. In popular usage it is defined as the distribution and sale of goods, the word DISTRIBUTION being understood in a broader sense than the technical economic one. Marketing includes the activities of all those who are engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer--not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who warehouse, grade, transport, in sure, finance, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer. In a modern capitalist economy, where all production is for a market, such activities are of first importance l it is estimated that more than 50% of the price paid by the final consumer is made up of the cost of marketing. Where production is for direct use, as in the subsistence farm, the feudal manor (庄园), or the communal group, there is little need for exchange of good because the division of labour is poorly developed and most people produce the same or similar goods. Interregional exchange between disparate geographic areas depends on adequate means of transportation. This, before the development of area travel and navigation, there was little change of the products of one region for those of another. Where systems of transportation are well developed as in the Mediterranean in ancient times and throughout most of the world in modern times, interregional trade has been substantial. The village market of fair, the itinerant (巡游的) merchant or peddle, and the shop where customers could have such goods as shoes and furniture made to order were features of marketing up in rural Europe.

According to the passage the activities of marketing in popular sense are involved in （）

A:wholesale and retail on the market B:buying and selling directly C:the process of production and exchange D:the transfer of goods from producer to consumer