Early or Later Day Care

    The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive ”attachment" period from birth to three may scar¹ a child"s personality and predispose² to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby，s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this.³ But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
　　Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example，in some tribal societies，such as the Ngoni，the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it⁴. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents，care-takers found children had problems with Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly，in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care，and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children"s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
　　But Bowlby"s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to，say，more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.⁵ Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut⁶, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

词汇：

psychoanalyst / ˌsaɪkəʊˈænəlɪst / n.精字申分析学家，心理分析学家

insulate / "ɪnsjʊleɪt / vt.隔绝

rear / rɪə(r) / vt.抚养
care-taker / "keərt"eɪkə(r) / n.照顾者，看管人

 infant / ˈɪnfənt / n.婴儿

predispose / ˌpri:dɪ"spəʊz / vi. 易导致

entail / ɪn"teɪl / vt.蕴涵；需要

anthropologist / ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst / n.人类学家

注释：

1.scar:留下伤痕
2.predispose:易导致。又如：Fatigue predisposes one to catch cold.疲劳使人易患感冒。
3.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails，and many people do believe this. 一些人从波比的研究得出结论，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托，因 为这蕴涵着孩子不得不跟父母分开。很多人确实相信这个结论。subject (to)：使遭受，受 到。又如:We were subjected to the torture of the heat.我们受到酷热知折磨。entail:蕴涵； 需要。又如:Negotiating with him entails great patience.和他谈判需要很大的耐性。语言的 一个特点是具有蕴涵关系，因此懂得语言中的蕴涵关系对于提高阅读理解能力、进行正确的 推理是相当重要的。一般说来，具体蕴涵一般，反之则不然。因此，日托蕴涵孩子与父母分 离，但孩子与父母分离不蕴涵日托，因为其他的办法也可以使孩子与父母分离。同理，谈判蕴涵耐心，但耐心不蕴涵谈判，因为需要耐心的不只是谈判。
4. ... the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it.父母不单独抚养婴儿，远非如此。rear:抚养，培养。
5.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.不论长远后果如何，孩子的父母们有时会觉得眼前的后果难以应付。（眼前的后果指下 一句说到的孩子不愿去日托而会抗议、表示不高兴）
6.clear-cut:鲜明的，明确的

Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby，s work?

A:Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three B:Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child"s development C:A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life D:Day care would not be so popular if it Jias noticeable negative effects on a child^s personality

Early or Later Day Care

    The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive ”attachment" period from birth to three may scar¹ a child"s personality and predispose² to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby，s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this.³ But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
　　Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example，in some tribal societies，such as the Ngoni，the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it⁴. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents，care-takers found children had problems with Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly，in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care，and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children"s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
　　But Bowlby"s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to，say，more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.⁵ Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut⁶, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

词汇：

psychoanalyst / ˌsaɪkəʊˈænəlɪst / n.精字申分析学家，心理分析学家

insulate / "ɪnsjʊleɪt / vt.隔绝

rear / rɪə(r) / vt.抚养
care-taker / "keərt"eɪkə(r) / n.照顾者，看管人

 infant / ˈɪnfənt / n.婴儿

predispose / ˌpri:dɪ"spəʊz / vi. 易导致

entail / ɪn"teɪl / vt.蕴涵；需要

anthropologist / ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst / n.人类学家

注释：

1.scar:留下伤痕
2.predispose:易导致。又如：Fatigue predisposes one to catch cold.疲劳使人易患感冒。
3.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails，and many people do believe this. 一些人从波比的研究得出结论，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托，因 为这蕴涵着孩子不得不跟父母分开。很多人确实相信这个结论。subject (to)：使遭受，受 到。又如:We were subjected to the torture of the heat.我们受到酷热知折磨。entail:蕴涵； 需要。又如:Negotiating with him entails great patience.和他谈判需要很大的耐性。语言的 一个特点是具有蕴涵关系，因此懂得语言中的蕴涵关系对于提高阅读理解能力、进行正确的 推理是相当重要的。一般说来，具体蕴涵一般，反之则不然。因此，日托蕴涵孩子与父母分 离，但孩子与父母分离不蕴涵日托，因为其他的办法也可以使孩子与父母分离。同理，谈判蕴涵耐心，但耐心不蕴涵谈判，因为需要耐心的不只是谈判。
4. ... the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it.父母不单独抚养婴儿，远非如此。rear:抚养，培养。
5.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.不论长远后果如何，孩子的父母们有时会觉得眼前的后果难以应付。（眼前的后果指下 一句说到的孩子不愿去日托而会抗议、表示不高兴）
6.clear-cut:鲜明的，明确的

Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby，s theory?

A:Many studies show that day. care has a positive effect on children"s development B:The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe C:The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies D:Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with

Early or Later Day Care

    The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive ”attachment" period from birth to three may scar¹ a child"s personality and predispose² to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby，s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this.³ But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
　　Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example，in some tribal societies，such as the Ngoni，the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it⁴. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents，care-takers found children had problems with Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly，in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care，and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children"s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
　　But Bowlby"s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to，say，more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.⁵ Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut⁶, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

词汇：

psychoanalyst / ˌsaɪkəʊˈænəlɪst / n.精字申分析学家，心理分析学家

insulate / "ɪnsjʊleɪt / vt.隔绝

rear / rɪə(r) / vt.抚养
care-taker / "keərt"eɪkə(r) / n.照顾者，看管人

 infant / ˈɪnfənt / n.婴儿

predispose / ˌpri:dɪ"spəʊz / vi. 易导致

entail / ɪn"teɪl / vt.蕴涵；需要

anthropologist / ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst / n.人类学家

注释：

1.scar:留下伤痕
2.predispose:易导致。又如：Fatigue predisposes one to catch cold.疲劳使人易患感冒。
3.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails，and many people do believe this. 一些人从波比的研究得出结论，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托，因 为这蕴涵着孩子不得不跟父母分开。很多人确实相信这个结论。subject (to)：使遭受，受 到。又如:We were subjected to the torture of the heat.我们受到酷热知折磨。entail:蕴涵； 需要。又如:Negotiating with him entails great patience.和他谈判需要很大的耐性。语言的 一个特点是具有蕴涵关系，因此懂得语言中的蕴涵关系对于提高阅读理解能力、进行正确的 推理是相当重要的。一般说来，具体蕴涵一般，反之则不然。因此，日托蕴涵孩子与父母分 离，但孩子与父母分离不蕴涵日托，因为其他的办法也可以使孩子与父母分离。同理，谈判蕴涵耐心，但耐心不蕴涵谈判，因为需要耐心的不只是谈判。
4. ... the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it.父母不单独抚养婴儿，远非如此。rear:抚养，培养。
5.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.不论长远后果如何，孩子的父母们有时会觉得眼前的后果难以应付。（眼前的后果指下 一句说到的孩子不愿去日托而会抗议、表示不高兴）
6.clear-cut:鲜明的，明确的

Which of the following best expresses the writer"s attitude towards early day care?

A:Children under three should stay with their parents B:Early day care has positive effects on children"s development C:The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics D:The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue

Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child’s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.
There is some relationship between age and children’s characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce, The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce.
Girls’ adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents’ fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.
What is the main idea of the passage

A:Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their life B:The impact of parental divorce on children varies in personality, age and gender. C:Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families. D:Kids of different ages behave differently on parental divorce.

Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child’s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.
There is some relationship between age and children’s characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce, The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce.
Girls’ adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents’ fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.
What is the main idea of the passage

A:Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their life B:The impact of parental divorce on children varies in personality, age and gender. C:Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families. D:Kids of different ages behave differently on parental divorce.

Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child’s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.
There is some relationship between age and children’s characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce, The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce.
Girls’ adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents’ fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.

A:Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their life B:The impact of parental divorce on children varies in personality, age and gender. C:Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families. D:Kids of different ages behave differently on parental divorce.

The more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits, adds Bruce Arai. "The evidence is clear: Parental involvement is one of the most important factors in school success. "Arai cites the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, sponsored by Human Respirces Development Canada (HRDC), which is measuring all aspects of child development. "The hours children spend in class are not one element of their education," states HRDC, which says parental support, along with teacher support and a positive attitude towards school, all contribute to academic success.
A child’s academic performance by all the following factors EXCEPT

A:parental involvement. B:teacher support. C:a positive attitude towards school. D:the size of the class.