The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator. "
In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthy. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well tried techniques already existed—natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling…
What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
Consequently, most of the world’s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially cooled space inside an artificially heated house—while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you’ll get rid of that terrible hum.

A:Inventors B:Consumers C:Manufacturers D:Traveling salesmen

The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator. "
In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthy. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well tried techniques already existed—natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling…
What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
Consequently, most of the world’s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially cooled space inside an artificially heated house—while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you’ll get rid of that terrible hum.
Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author

A:Inventors B:Consumers C:Manufacturers D:Traveling salesmen

The cellphone, a device we have lived with for more than a decade, offers a good example of a popular technology’s unforeseen side effects. More than one billion are (1) use around the world, and when asked, their (2) say they love their phones for the safety and convenience (3) provide. People also report that they are (4) in their use of their phones. One opinion survey (5) that "98 percent of Americans say they move away from (6) when talking on a wireless phone in public" (7) "86 percent say they ’never’ or ’rarely’ speak (8) wireless phones" when conducting (9) with clerks or bank tellers. Clearly, there exists a (10) between our reported cellphone behavior and our actual behavior.
Cellphone users that is to say, most of us are (11) instigators and victims of this form of conversational panhandling, and it (12) a cumulatively negative effect on social space. As the sociologist Erving Gotfman observed in another (13) , there is something deeply disturbing about people who are" (14) contact" in social situations because they are blatantly refusing to (15) to the norms of their immediate environment. Placing a cellphone call in public instantly transforms the strangers around you (16) unwilling listeners who must cede to your use of the public (17) . a decidedly undemocratic effect for so democratic a technology. Listeners don’t always passively (18) this situation: in recent years, people have been pepper-sprayed in movie theaters, (19) from concert halls and deliberately rammed with cars as a result of (20) behavior on their cellphones.

A:masters B:owners C:holders D:inventors

The cellphone, a device we have lived with for more than a decade, offers a good example of a popular technology’s unforeseen side effects. More than one billion are (1) around the world, and when asked, their (2) say they love their phones for the safety and convenience (3) provide. People also report that they are (4) in their use of their phones. One opinion survey (5) that "98 percent of Americans say they move away from (6) when talking on a wireless phone in public" (7) "86 percent say they ’never’ or ’rarely’ speak (8) wireless phones" when conducting (9) with clerks or bank tellers. Clearly, there exists a (10) between our reported cell phone behavior and our actual behavior.
Cellphone users--that is to say, most of us--are (11) instigators and victims of this form of conversational panhandling, and it (12) a cumulatively negative effect on social space. As the sociologist Erving Gotfman observed in another (13) , there is something deeply disturbing about people who are" (14) contact" in social situations because they are blatantly refusing to (15) to the norms of their immediate environment. Placing a cellphone call in public instantly transforms the strangers around you (16) unwilling listeners who must cede to your use of the public (17) , a decidedly undemocratic effect for so democratic a technology. Listeners don’t always passively (18) this situation: in recent years, people have been pepper-sprayed in movie theaters, (19) from concert hails and deliberately rammed with cars as a result of (20) behavior on their cellphones.

A:masters B:owners C:holders D:inventors

People are indulging in an illusion whenever they find themselves explaining at a cocktail (鸡尾酒) party, say, that they are "in computers," or "in telecommunications," or "in electronic funds transfer". The implication is that they are part of the high-tech world. Just between US, they usually aren’t. The researchers who made fundamental breakthroughs in those areas are in a high-tech business. The rest of us are (8) of their work. We use computers and other new technology components to develop our products or to organize our affairs. Because we go about this work in teams and projects and other tightly knit working groups(紧密联系在一起的工作小组), we are mostly in the human communication business. Our successes stem from good human interactions by all participants in the effort, and our failures stem from poor human interactions.
The main reason we tend to focus on the (9) rather than the human side of the work is not because it’s more (10) , but because it’s easier to do. Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figuring out why Horace is in a blue funk (恐惧) or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company after only a few months. Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp (干脆的, 干净利落的) and clean in their effects, but they matter more than any other aspect of the work.
If you find yourself concentrating on the (11) rather than the (12) , you’re like the vaudeville character (杂耍人物) who loses his keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because, as he explains, "The light is better there!".

A:creators B:innovators C:appliers D:inventors

People are indulging in an illusion whenever they find themselves explaining at a cocktail(鸡尾酒)party，say, that the are “in computers，”or“ in telecommunications，”or “in electronic funds transfer”. The implication is that they are part of the high-tech world. Just between us，they usually aren’t. The researchers who made fundamental breakthroughs in those areas are in a high-tech business. The rest of us are （71）of their work. We use computers and other new technology components to develop our products or to organize our affairs. Because we go about this work in teams and projects and other tightly knit working group（紧密联系在一起的工作小组），we are mostly in the human communication business. Our successes stem from good human interactions by all participants in the effort，and our failures stem from poor human interactions.
The main reason we tend to focus on the（72）rather than the human side of work is not because it’s more (73)，but because it’s easier to do. Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figurine out why Horace is in a blue funk(恐惧）or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company aver only a few months. Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp（干脆的，干净利落的）and clean in　their effects, but they matter more than any other aspect of the work. If you find yourself concentrating on the（74）rather than the（75）．you’re like the vaudeville character （杂耍人物）who loses his Keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because，as he explains，“The light is better there!”

A:creators B:innovators C:appliers D:inventors

Computers are the second most useful ______ of the world.

A:inventions B:inventors C:inwntion D:inventor

Computers are the second most useful （） of the world.

A:inventions B:inventors C:invention D:inventor