Screen Test

1　Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia,Canada, theUSandSpain, screen women under 50.

2　But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

3　Researchers at the Polytechnic University¹ of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

4　The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board（NRPB）predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

5　The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. TheValenciaprogramme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

6　But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45，because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

7　“There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB　But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

 

词汇：

polytechnic / ,pɒlɪ’teknɪk/ adj．理工专科学校

cumulative / ’kju:mjʊlətɪv/ adj．递增的

radiological / ,reɪdɪəʊ’lɒdʒɪk / adj．放射性的

contract / ’kɒntrækt/ vt．感染

optimise /’ɒptɪmaɪz / vt．最大限度地完善

trade-off n．平衡

 

注释：

Polytechnic University ：理工大学

A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman

B　Investigating the Effect of Screening

C　Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

D　Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation

E　Treatment of Cancers F Factors That Trigger Cancers

F　Factors That Trigger Cancers

Advantages of screening women under 50 are ________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Screen Test

    1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them,  including Australia,Canada, theUSandSpain, screen women under 50.

    2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

    3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University¹ of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

    4. The mathematical model recommended byBritain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

    5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. TheValenciaprogramme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

    6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

    7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

 

词汇：

polytechnic / ,pɒlɪ’teknɪk/ adj．多工艺的

cumulative / ’kju:mjʊlətɪv/ adj．递增的

radiological / ,reɪdɪəʊ’lɒdʒɪk / adj．放射性的

contract / ’kɒntrækt/ vt．感染

optimise /’ɒptɪmaɪz / vt．最大限度地完善

trade-off [ˈtreɪdɔ:f] n．平衡

 

注释：

Polytechnic University:理工大学

A be costly

B harmful

C save a life

D still open to debate

E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

F reduced to the minimum

Advantages of screening women under 50 are________________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Screen Test

    1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes.  Nine of them, including Australia,Canada, theUSandSpain, screen women under 50.

    2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

    3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University¹ of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

    4. The mathematical model recommended byBritain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

    5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. TheValenciaprogramme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

    6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

    7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

 

词汇：

polytechnic /,pɒlɪ"teknɪk/ adj.多工艺的

cumulative /"kjuːmjʊlətɪv/ adj.递增的

radiological /redɪo"lɑdʒɪkəl/ adj.放射性的

contract /"kɒntrækt/ vt.感染

optimize /"ɑptɪmaɪz/ vt.最大限度地完善

trade-off n.平衡

 

注释：

1.Polytechnic University:理工大学A be costly

B harmful

C save a life

D still open to debate

E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

F reduced to the minimum

Advantages of screening women under 50 are________________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

With the rapid spread of the internet eye where in the world, and the (1) number of users, one of the most exciting developments on the internet is E-commerce -- (2) commerce. E-commerce has two forms, (3) business-to-business, or B-to-B, and business-to-consumer, or B-to-C.
B-to-C was the first of these developments. It grew (4) from the first days when people started to buy things from their homes without going to a shop. First came "catalogue shopping" (5) you choose what you want from a catalogue (6) pictures and other details of everything that is (7) sale. You then send an order with a check by (8) and the things you have chosen sent to your home. Then (9) "television shopping", where (10) a catalogue, the items for sale are shown or (11) on television to attract the customer. (12) , the customer sends a check and the item is delivered to his or her home. B-to-C is the (13) development, where the "catalogue" is (14) on the internet, combining the advantages of both the book catalogue and tile television and indeed adding more (15) The customer makes his choice but rather than sending an order and a (16) through the post, he places the order and pays for it using his credit card, all using the (17)
Many people worry about giving (18) of their credit card over the internet and the danger that it may be deceitfully used. (19) , the general view is that with modern systems of secure measures the dangers of the misuse of credit cards is (20) greater in a shop, garage or restaurant than in using it for shopping on the internet.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet 1. 18（）

A:disadvantages B:features C:advantages D:characteristics

With the rapid spread of the internet eye where in the world, and the (1) number of users, one of the most exciting developments on the internet is E-commerce -- (2) commerce. E-commerce has two forms, (3) business-to-business, or B-to-B, and business-to-consumer, or B-to-C.
B-to-C was the first of these developments. It grew (4) from the first days when people started to buy things from their homes without going to a shop. First came "catalogue shopping" (5) you choose what you want from a catalogue (6) pictures and other details of everything that is (7) sale. You then send an order with a check by (8) and the things you have chosen sent to your home. Then (9) "television shopping", where (10) a catalogue, the items for sale are shown or (11) on television to attract the customer. (12) , the customer sends a check and the item is delivered to his or her home. B-to-C is the (13) development, where the "catalogue" is (14) on the internet, combining the advantages of both the book catalogue and tile television and indeed adding more (15) The customer makes his choice but rather than sending an order and a (16) through the post, he places the order and pays for it using his credit card, all using the (17)
Many people worry about giving (18) of their credit card over the internet and the danger that it may be deceitfully used. (19) , the general view is that with modern systems of secure measures the dangers of the misuse of credit cards is (20) greater in a shop, garage or restaurant than in using it for shopping on the internet.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.17（）

A:disadvantages B:features C:advantages D:characteristics

Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 Points) With the rapid spread of the internet eye where in the world, and the (1) number of users, one of the most exciting developments on the internet is E-commerce -- (2) commerce. E-commerce has two forms, (3) business-to-business, or B-to-B, and business-to-consumer, or B-to-C. B-to-C was the first of these developments. It grew (4) from the first days when people started to buy things from their homes without going to a shop. First came "catalogue shopping" (5) you choose what you want from a catalogue (6) pictures and other details of everything that is (7) sale. You then send an order with a check by (8) and the things you have chosen sent to your home. Then (9) "television shopping", where (10) a catalogue, the items for sale are shown or (11) on television to attract the customer. (12) , the customer sends a check and the item is delivered to his or her home. B-to-C is the (13) development, where the "catalogue" is (14) on the internet, combining the advantages of both the book catalogue and tile television and indeed adding more (15) The customer makes his choice but rather than sending an order and a (16) through the post, he places the order and pays for it using his credit card, all using the (17) Many people worry about giving (18) of their credit card over the internet and the danger that it may be deceitfully used. (19) , the general view is that with modern systems of secure measures the dangers of the misuse of credit cards is (20) greater in a shop, garage or restaurant than in using it for shopping on the internet.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.20（）

A:disadvantages B:features C:advantages D:characteristics

Many people (live) in Tokyo think (life) in a large city (offers) special (advantages).（）

A:live B:life C:offers D:advantages