Income

    Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely 1, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income 2. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for 3 wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.

    Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.

    On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds 4 is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to 5 the economy.

    The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks 6. The money that individuals are left with 7 after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

词汇：

GNP(Gross National Product)国民生产总值 indirect taxes 间接税

sales taxes 销售税 property taxes 财产税 excise taxes 消费税

corporation profit taxes 公司利润税 dividend ["dɪvɪdend]红利;股息;债息

social security (美国的)社会保障制度;社会保险(制度);社会保险金

withhold [wɪð"həʊld] 使停止;阻挡;拒给;隐瞒;克制

disposable [dɪˈspəʊzəbl]可自由使用的;可任意处理的

 

注释：

1.namely：即；也就是。例如：Only one boy was absent，namely Harry.只有一个男孩缺席，那就是哈里。
2.…thus is not counted as income…：……因此不能算收入……count可作动词和不及物动词。例如：There will be ten guests，not counting the children.孩子不算，将有10个客人。
3.go for…：用于
4.interest received on government bonds…：政府债券所得利息……
5.furnishes a service to…：对……提供服务
6.…because it is withheld from their paychecks.：……因为它从他们的工资卡上被扣除了。
7.The money that individuals are left with…：个人余留下来的钱……

This passage is mainly about________．

A:the difference between national income and GNP B:the difference between national income and personal income C:the concept of income D:the difference between disposable income and nondisposable income

Income

    Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely 1, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income 2. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for 3 wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.

    Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.

    On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds 4 is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to 5 the economy.

    The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks 6. The money that individuals are left with 7 after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

词汇：

GNP(Gross National Product)国民生产总值 indirect taxes 间接税

sales taxes 销售税 property taxes 财产税 excise taxes 消费税

corporation profit taxes 公司利润税 dividend ["dɪvɪdend]红利;股息;债息

social security (美国的)社会保障制度;社会保险(制度);社会保险金

withhold [wɪð"həʊld] 使停止;阻挡;拒给;隐瞒;克制

disposable [dɪˈspəʊzəbl]可自由使用的;可任意处理的

 

注释：

1.namely：即；也就是。例如：Only one boy was absent，namely Harry.只有一个男孩缺席，那就是哈里。
2.…thus is not counted as income…：……因此不能算收入……count可作动词和不及物动词。例如：There will be ten guests，not counting the children.孩子不算，将有10个客人。
3.go for…：用于
4.interest received on government bonds…：政府债券所得利息……
5.furnishes a service to…：对……提供服务
6.…because it is withheld from their paychecks.：……因为它从他们的工资卡上被扣除了。
7.The money that individuals are left with…：个人余留下来的钱……

Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?

A:GNP equals national income plus indirect business taxes B:GNP excludes both capital consumption allowances and indirect business taxes C:Personal income is regarded as the total money income received by an individual after hisor her taxes are paid D:The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT

A:give clothing a second life B:generate income for charities C:provide cheaper clothes for the poor D:stop rich people from wasting money

　　 When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college，shopping at second-hand clothing　stores was just something he did - “like changing the tires on his car.” He looked at his budget and decided he could save a lot of money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops.
　　“Even new clothes are fairly disposable (可丢掉的)and wear out after a couple of years，” Barth said. “In thrift shops，you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than new clothes.”
　　Since then，Barth，who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida，has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people，like him，shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-looking shirt. And some shop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment.
　　Pat Akins，an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army (SA)(救世军)thrift shop，said that，for her，shopping at thrift shops is a way to help the environment.
　　“When my daughter was little，we looked at it as recycling，” Akins said. “Also，why pay 30 dollars for a new coat when you can get another one for a lot less？”
　　 Akins said that the SA has shops all over the US - “some as big as department　stores.” All of the clothes are donated (捐赠)，and when they have a surplus (盈余)，they’ll have “stuff a bag” specials，where customers can fill a grocery sack With clothes for only 5 or 10 dollars.
　　Julia Slocum，22，points out，however，that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness.
　　I’d say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful，materialistic culture，“ said Slocum，who works for a pro-conservation organization，the Center for a New American Dream. ”Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills (垃圾填埋场)； they give clothing a second life，provide cheaper clothing for those who can’t afford new ones and generate (生成)income for charities. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed (摆脱)some of the guilt for their level of consumption.“

Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT（　）

A:give clothing a second life. B:generate income for charities. C:provide cheaper clothes for the poor. D:stop rich people from wasting money.

Shopping at Second-hand Clothing Stores
When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college, shopping at Second-hand clothing stores was just something he did — "like changing the tires on his car. "He looked at his budget and decided he could save a lot of money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops.
"Even new clothes are fairly disposable(可丢失的)and wear out after a couple of years," Barth said. "In thrift shops, you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than new clothes".
Since then, Barth, who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida, has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people, like him, shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-looking shirt. And some shop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment.
Pat Akins, an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army(SA)(救世军)thrift shop, said that, for her, shopping at thrift shops is a way to help the environment.
"When my daughter was little, we looked at it as recycling," Akins said. "Also, why pay 30 dollars for a new coat when you can get another one for a lot less"
Akins said that the SA has shops all over the US— "some as big as department stores. "All of the clothes are donated(捐赠), and when they have a surplus(盈余), they’ll have "stuff a bag" specials, where customers can fill a grocery sack with clothes for only 5 or 10 dollars,
Julia Slocum, 22points out, however, that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness.
"I’d say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful, materialistic culture," said Slocum, who works for a pro-conservation organization, the Center for a New American Dream. "Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills (垃圾填理场); they give clothing a second life, provide cheaper clothing for those who can’t afford to buy new ones and generate(生气)income for charities. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed(摆脱)some of the guilt for their level of consumption./

Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT（　）

A:give clothing a second life. B:generate income for charitiies. C:provide cheaper clothes for the poor. D:stop rich people from wasting money.

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT

A:give clothing a second life B:generate income for charitiies C:provide cheaper clothes for the poor D:stop rich people from wasting money

第二篇 Shopping at Second-hand Clothing Stores 　　When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college，shopping at second-hand clothing　stores was just something he did - “like changing the tires on his car.” He looked at his budget and decided he could save a lot of money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops. 　　“Even new clothes are fairly disposable (可丢掉的)and wear out after a couple of years，” Barth said. “In thrift shops，you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than new clothes.” 　　Since then，Barth，who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida，has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people，like him，shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-looking shirt. And some shop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment. 　　Pat Akins，an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army (SA)(救世军)thrift shop，said that，for her，shopping at thrift shops is a way to help the environment. 　　“When my daughter was little，we looked at it as recycling，” Akins said. “Also，why pay 30 dollars for a new coat when you can get another one for a lot less?” 　　Akins said that the SA has shops all over the US - “some as big as department　stores.” All of the clothes are donated (捐赠)，and when they have a surplus (盈余)，they’ll have “stuff a bag” specials，where customers can fill a grocery sack With clothes for only 5 or 10 dollars. 　　Julia Slocum，22，points out，however，that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness. 　　I’d say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful，materialistic culture，“ said Slocum，who works for a pro-conservation organization，the Center for a New American Dream. ”Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills (垃圾填埋场); they give clothing a second life，provide cheaper clothing for those who can’t afford new ones and generate (生成)income for charities. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed (摆脱)some of the guilt for their level of consumption.“ Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT

A:give clothing a second life. B:generate income for charities. C:provide cheaper clothes for the poor D:stop rich people from wasting money

Income
Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production--namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP (Gross National Product) because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.
Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to the government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government (which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.
This passage is mainly about

A:the difference between national income and GNP. B:the difference between national income and personal income. C:the concept of income. D:the difference between disposable income and nondisposable income.

? ?下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

This passage is mainly about

A:the difference between national income and GNP. B:the difference between national income and personal income. C:the concept of income. D:the difference between disposable income and nondisposable income.

第二篇

Shopping at Second-hand Clothing Stores
When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college, shopping at second-hand clothing stores was just something he did—"like changing the tires on his car." He looked at his budget and decided he could save a lot of money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops.
"Even new clothes are fairly disposable(用后即丢掉的) and wear out after a couple of years," Barth said. "In thrift shops, you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than new clothes."
Since then, Barth, who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida, has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people, like him, shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-looking shirt. And some shop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment.
Pat Akins, an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army(SA)(救世军)thrift shop, said that, for her, shopping at thrift shops is a way to help the environment.
"When my daughter was little, we looked at it as recycling," Akins said. "Also, why pay 30 dollars for Et new coat when you can get another one for a lot less"
Akins said that the SA has shops all over the US—"some as big as department stores. "All of the clothes are donated(损赠) ,and when they have a surplus(盈余) ,they’ll have "stuff a bag" specials, where customers can fill a grocery sack with clothes for only 5 or 10 dollars.
Julia Slocum, 22, points out, however, that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness.
"I’d say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful, materialistic culture," said Slocum, who works for a pro-conservation organization, the Center for a New American Dream. "Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills(垃圾填埋场) ;they give clothing a second life and provide cheaper clothing for those who can’t afford to buy new ones and generate(生成)income for charities. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed(摆脱)some of the guilt for their level of consumption."

Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT（）

A:give clothing a second life B:generate income for charities C:provide cheaper clothes for the poor D:stop rich people from wasting money