Early or Later Day Care

    The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive ”attachment" period from birth to three may scar¹ a child"s personality and predispose² to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby，s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this.³ But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
　　Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example，in some tribal societies，such as the Ngoni，the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it⁴. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents，care-takers found children had problems with Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly，in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care，and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children"s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
　　But Bowlby"s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to，say，more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.⁵ Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut⁶, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

词汇：

psychoanalyst / ˌsaɪkəʊˈænəlɪst / n.精字申分析学家，心理分析学家

insulate / "ɪnsjʊleɪt / vt.隔绝

rear / rɪə(r) / vt.抚养
care-taker / "keərt"eɪkə(r) / n.照顾者，看管人

 infant / ˈɪnfənt / n.婴儿

predispose / ˌpri:dɪ"spəʊz / vi. 易导致

entail / ɪn"teɪl / vt.蕴涵；需要

anthropologist / ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst / n.人类学家

注释：

1.scar:留下伤痕
2.predispose:易导致。又如：Fatigue predisposes one to catch cold.疲劳使人易患感冒。
3.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails，and many people do believe this. 一些人从波比的研究得出结论，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托，因 为这蕴涵着孩子不得不跟父母分开。很多人确实相信这个结论。subject (to)：使遭受，受 到。又如:We were subjected to the torture of the heat.我们受到酷热知折磨。entail:蕴涵； 需要。又如:Negotiating with him entails great patience.和他谈判需要很大的耐性。语言的 一个特点是具有蕴涵关系，因此懂得语言中的蕴涵关系对于提高阅读理解能力、进行正确的 推理是相当重要的。一般说来，具体蕴涵一般，反之则不然。因此，日托蕴涵孩子与父母分 离，但孩子与父母分离不蕴涵日托，因为其他的办法也可以使孩子与父母分离。同理，谈判蕴涵耐心，但耐心不蕴涵谈判，因为需要耐心的不只是谈判。
4. ... the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it.父母不单独抚养婴儿，远非如此。rear:抚养，培养。
5.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.不论长远后果如何，孩子的父母们有时会觉得眼前的后果难以应付。（眼前的后果指下 一句说到的孩子不愿去日托而会抗议、表示不高兴）
6.clear-cut:鲜明的，明确的

It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that____

A:the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies B:a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies C:mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies D:children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years

Cultural responses to modernization often manifest themselves in the mass media. For example, Aldous Huxley, in Brave New World, created a fictional world in which he cautioned readers that modern science and technology posed a threat to individual dignity. Charlie Chaplin’s film Modern Times, set in a futuristic manufacturing plant, also told the story of the dehumanizing impact of modernization and machinery. Writers and artists, in their criticisms of the modern world, often point to technology’s ability to alienate people from one another, capitalism’s tendency to foster greed, and government’s inclination to create bureaucracies that oppress rather than help people.
Among the major values of the modern period, four typically manifest themselves in the cultural environment: celebrating the individual, believing in rational order, working efficiently, and rejecting tradition. These values of the modern period were originally embodied in the printing press and later in newspapers and magazines. The print media encouraged the vision of individual writers, publishers, and readers who circulated new ideas. Whereas the premodern period was guided by strong beliefs in a natural or divine order, becoming modern meant elevating individual self-expression to a central position. Along with democratic breakthroughs, however, individualism and the Industrial Revolution triggered modern forms of hierarchy, in which certain individuals and groups achieved higher standing in the social order. For example, those who managed commercial enterprises gained more control over the economic ladder, while an intellectual class of modern experts, who mastered specialized realms of knowledge, gained increasing power over the nation’s social, political, and cultural agendas.
To be modern also meant to value the capacity of organized, scientific minds to solve problems efficiently. Progressive thinkers maintained that the printing press, the telegraph, and the railroad in combination with a scientific attitude would foster a new type of informed society. At the core of this society, the printed mass media, particularly newspapers, would educate the citizenry, helping to build and maintain an organized social framework. Journalists strove for the premodern ideal through a more fact-based and efficient approach to reporting. They discarded decorative writing and championed a lean look. Modern front-page news de-emphasized description, commentary, and historical context. The lead sentences that reported a presidential press conference began to look similar, whether they were on the front page in Tupelo, Mississippi, or Wahpeton, North Dakota. Just as modern architecture made many American skylines look alike, the front pages of newspapers began to resemble one another.
Finally, to be modern meant to throw off the rigid rules of the past, to break with tradition. Modern journalism became captivated by timely and immediate events. As a result, the more standardized forms of front-page journalism, on the one hand, championed facts and current events while efficiently meeting deadlines. But on the other hand, modern newspapers often failed to take a historical perspective or to analyze sufficiently the ideas underlying these events.

A:the mass media have created the modern culture B:modern culture have revolutionized the mass media C:technology has changed the role of the mass media D:the mass media are often critical of the modern culture

Cultural responses to modernization often manifest themselves in the mass media. For example, Aldous Huxley, in Brave New World, created a fictional world in which he cautioned readers that modern science and technology posed a threat to individual dignity. Charlie Chaplin’s film Modern Times, set in a futuristic manufacturing plant, also told the story of the dehumanizing impact of modernization and machinery. Writers and artists, in their criticisms of the modern world, often point to technology’s ability to alienate people from one another, capitalism’s tendency to foster greed, and government’s inclination to create bureaucracies that oppress rather than help people.
Among the major values of the modern period, four typically manifest themselves in the cultural environment: celebrating the individual, believing in rational order, working efficiently, and rejecting tradition. These values of the modern period were originally embodied in the printing press and later in newspapers and magazines. The print media encouraged the vision of individual writers, publishers, and readers who circulated new ideas. Whereas the premodern period was guided by strong beliefs in a natural or divine order, becoming modern meant elevating individual self-expression to a central position. Along with democratic breakthroughs, however, individualism and the Industrial Revolution triggered modern forms of hierarchy, in which certain individuals and groups achieved higher standing in the social order. For example, those who managed commercial enterprises gained more control over the economic ladder, while an intellectual class of modern experts, who mastered specialized realms of knowledge, gained increasing power over the nation’s social, political, and cultural agendas.
To be modern also meant to value the capacity of organized, scientific minds to solve problems efficiently. Progressive thinkers maintained that the printing press, the telegraph, and the railroad in combination with a scientific attitude would foster a new type of informed society. At the core of this society, the printed mass media, particularly newspapers, would educate the citizenry, helping to build and maintain an organized social framework. Journalists strove for the premodern ideal through a more fact-based and efficient approach to reporting. They discarded decorative writing and championed a lean look. Modern front-page news de-emphasized description, commentary, and historical context. The lead sentences that reported a presidential press conference began to look similar, whether they were on the front page in Tupelo, Mississippi, or Wahpeton, North Dakota. Just as modern architecture made many American skylines look alike, the front pages of newspapers began to resemble one another.
Finally, to be modern meant to throw off the rigid rules of the past, to break with tradition. Modern journalism became captivated by timely and immediate events. As a result, the more standardized forms of front-page journalism, on the one hand, championed facts and current events while efficiently meeting deadlines. But on the other hand, modern newspapers often failed to take a historical perspective or to analyze sufficiently the ideas underlying these events.

A:the shifting values in modern culture B:the impact of modernization on the mass media C:the role of the mass media in education D:the rise of individualism in modern culture

Some people hate everything that is modern. They cannot imagine how anyone can really like modern music; they find it hard to accept the new fashions in clothing; they think that all modern painting is ugly; and they seldom have a good word for the new buildings that are being built everywhere in the world. Such people look for perfection in everything, and they take their standards of perfection from the past. They are usually impatient with anyone who is brave enough to experiment with new or to express himself or the age in materials original ways. It is, of course, true that many artists do not succeed in their work and instead produce works that can only be considered as failures. If the work of art is a painting, the artist’s failure concerns himself alone, but if it is a building, his failure concerns others too, because it may damage the beauty of the whole place. This does sometimes happen, but it is completely untrue to say, as some people do, that modern architecture is nothing.
We can’t judge every modern building by the standards of the ancient time, even though we admire the ancient buildings. Technologically, the modern buildings are more advanced. The modern architect knows he should learn from the ancient works, but with his greater resources of knowledge and materials, he will never be content to imitate the past. He is too proud to do that.
"Technologically, the modern buildings are more advanced." This sentence means ______.

A:the ancient architects had no technology B:the modern architects use more advanced technology C:the modern buildings are advanced because they are completely different from the ancient buildings D:the modern buildings are more beautiful

{{U}}Efficient{{/U}} air service has been made available through modern technology.

A:Affluent B:Modern C:Inexpensive D:Effective

{{U}}Efficient{{/U}} air service has been made available through modern technology.

A:Affluent B:Modern C:Inexpensive D:Effective

{{U}}Efficient{{/U}} air service has been made available through modern technology.

A:Affluent B:Modern C:Inexpensive D:Effective