Disease I Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

    Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on¹ all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.

    In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness —that is, make a diagnosis². A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called a syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated³ by the physician in making his diagnosis.

     Although nurses do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patient’s disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy⁴. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician’s orders.

    In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention⁵. Throughout most of medical history, the physician’s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease⁶. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens — to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs⁷. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health — physical and mental.

词汇：

marked / mɑ:kt/  adj.显着的 

syndrome /"sɪndrəʊm/ n. 综合征，症候群
symptom /"sɪmptəm/ n.症候，症状 

therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法，治疗 

sign /saɪn/ n. 病体；体征

注释：

1.carry sth. on：继续；进行；维持下去
2.make a diagnosis：做出诊断
3....the results evaluated…：此句中在evaluated之前省略了与前面are performed相同的助动词are。
4.also referred to as therapy：也被称为疗法（过去分词短语作a course of treatment的定语）refer to...：谈及，提及refer to sth. /sb. as...：把……称为……例如：Don’t refer to the matter again.不要再提这件事了。We refer to such a science as physiology.我们把这样一门科学称为生理学。
Don’t refer to your brother as a silly cow.不要把你兄弟说成是头笨牛。
5.have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention：在预防方面承担越来越多的责任take sth. on：承担，接受You have taken on too much.你承担的工作太多了。
6.to cure a patient of an existing disease：治疗病人的现有疾病cure sb. of...：给某人治疗（或治愈）某病 例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold.此药准能治好你的感冒。
7.ranging from... health programs：从国际这一级的世界卫生组织一直到下面地区的私人和社区医疗机构（现在分词短语作状语）range from... to...：从……到……的范围（分布或变动）The children’s ages range from 5 to 15.这些孩子小的5岁，大的15岁。Its prices range from twenty to thirty dollars.价钱从20美元到30美元不等。

Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention than traditional medicine

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Disease I Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

    Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on¹ all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.

    In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness —that is, make a diagnosis². A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called a syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated³ by the physician in making his diagnosis.

     Although nurses do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patient’s disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy⁴. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician’s orders.

    In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention⁵. Throughout most of medical history, the physician’s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease⁶. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens — to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs⁷. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health — physical and mental.

词汇：

marked / mɑ:kt/  adj.显着的 

syndrome /"sɪndrəʊm/ n. 综合征，症候群
symptom /"sɪmptəm/ n.症候，症状 

therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法，治疗 

sign /saɪn/ n. 病体；体征

注释：

1.carry sth. on：继续；进行；维持下去
2.make a diagnosis：做出诊断
3....the results evaluated…：此句中在evaluated之前省略了与前面are performed相同的助动词are。
4.also referred to as therapy：也被称为疗法（过去分词短语作a course of treatment的定语）refer to...：谈及，提及refer to sth. /sb. as...：把……称为……例如：Don’t refer to the matter again.不要再提这件事了。We refer to such a science as physiology.我们把这样一门科学称为生理学。
Don’t refer to your brother as a silly cow.不要把你兄弟说成是头笨牛。
5.have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention：在预防方面承担越来越多的责任take sth. on：承担，接受You have taken on too much.你承担的工作太多了。
6.to cure a patient of an existing disease：治疗病人的现有疾病cure sb. of...：给某人治疗（或治愈）某病 例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold.此药准能治好你的感冒。
7.ranging from... health programs：从国际这一级的世界卫生组织一直到下面地区的私人和社区医疗机构（现在分词短语作状语）range from... to...：从……到……的范围（分布或变动）The children’s ages range from 5 to 15.这些孩子小的5岁，大的15岁。Its prices range from twenty to thirty dollars.价钱从20美元到30美元不等。

An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country all over the world

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Text 3
Since USAID began its first HIV/AIDS prevention efforts eight years ago, the epidemic has changed dramatically. HIV has spread to every region of the world. Millions of people infected with HIV during the first decade of the epidemic are developing opportunistic infections and other AIDS-related illnesses, and many are dying. Women and children are among those most vulnerable to HIV infection. As HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality soar, millions of children will lose their parents.
HIV/AIDS is having a devastating impact on the health and well-being of families, communities and nations worldwide. The epidemic’s effects on the structure of societies and the productivity of their members undermine efforts to promote sustainable development around the globe. USAID’ s approach to slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS relies on strategies tested and refined over the past eight years. At the same time, the Agency is moving forward to address new challenges posed by the evolving epidemic.
One of the important lessons learned during the past decade is that an effective response to HIV/ AIDS requires the full participation of people and communities affected by the virus. Although people living with HIV/AIDS are among the most successful advocates and communicators for prevention, too often their voices are not heard or heeded. Greater involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS is essential to creating the supportive political, legal and social environments needed to control the epidemic. In December 1994 at the Paris AIDS Summit, representatives of 42 governments adopted a resolution pledging greater support for networks of people living with HIV/AIDS. Before and during the summit, members of these networks worked with government and multilateral organizations, including USAID, to develop a plan for translating the words of the resolution into concrete action. The Agency is committed to ensuring that people living with HIV/AIDS are accepted in full partnership with governments, international organizations and the private sector in developing, implementing and evaluating HIV/AIDS policies and programs.
People living with HIV/AIDS and community-based organizations have been at the forefront of efforts to draw attention to the connection between compassionate AIDS care and effective HIV prevention. In the absence of a vaccine or cure, USAID continues to emphasize HIV/AIDS prevention. But as the number of people suffering from AIDS-related illness begins to increase dramatically, the Agency is also exploring ways to reduce the social impact of AIDS and enhance prevention efforts by integrating prevention and care.
The Agency will also continue to pioneer regional approaches to an epidemic that does not recognize national boundaries. Cross-border interventions throughout the world will target mobile populations, including migrant workers, tourists, traders, transport workers and people displaced by war and social disruption.

ParA．6 mainly discusses （）

A:the connection between compassionate AIDS care and effective HIV prevention B:the emphasis on HIV/AIDS prevention C:exploring the ways to reduce social impact on AIDS D:stating the plans that international world arranged for curing HIV/AIDS

Only three strategies are available for controlling cancer, prevention, screening and treatment. Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other type of cancer. A major cause of the disease is (51) known; there is no good evidence that screening is of much help; and treatment fails in about 90 per cent of all cases. At present, therefore, the main strategy must be (52) . This may not always be true, of course, as for some other types Of cancer, research (53) the past few decades has produced (or suggested) some important progress in prevention, screening or treatment. (54) , however, we consider not what research may one day offer but what today’s knowledge could already deliver that is not being delivered, then the most practicable and cost-effective opportunities for avoiding premature death from cancer, especially lung cancer, probably involve neither screening nor improved (55) , but prevention.
This conclusion does not depend on the unrealistic assumption that we can (56) tobacco. It merely assumes that we can reduce cigarette sales appreciably by raising prices or by (57) the type of education that already appears to have had a (58) effect on cigarette consumption by white-collar workers, and that we can substantially reduce the amount of tar delivered per cigarette. The practicability of preventing cancer by such measures applies not only in those countries, (59) the US, where, because cigarette smoking has been common for decades, 25～30 per cent of all cancer deaths now involve lung cancer, but also in those where it has become (60) only recently. In China, for example, lung cancer (61) accounts for only about 510 per cent of all cancer deaths. This is because it may take as much as half a century (62) the rise in smoking to increase the incidence of lung cancer. Countries where cigarette smoking is only now becoming widespread can expect enormous increases in lung cancer during the 1990s or early in the next century, (63) prompt effective action is taken against the habit--indeed., such increases are already plainly evident in parts of (64) .
There are four reasons why the prevention of lung cancer is of such overwhelming importance: first, the disease is extremely common, causing more deaths than any other type of cancer now does; secondly, it is generally incurable; thirdly, effective, practicable measures to reduce its incidence are already reliably known; and, finally, (65) tobacco consumption will also have a substantial impact on many other diseases.

52（）

A:treatment B:cure C:prevention D:diagnosis

Only three strategies are available for controlling cancer, prevention, screening and treatment. Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other type of cancer. A major cause of the disease is (51) known; there is no good evidence that screening is of much help; and treatment fails in about 90 per cent of all cases. At present, therefore, the main strategy must be (52) . This may not always be true, of course, as for some other types Of cancer, research (53) the past few decades has produced (or suggested) some important progress in prevention, screening or treatment. (54) , however, we consider not what research may one day offer but what today’s knowledge could already deliver that is not being delivered, then the most practicable and cost-effective opportunities for avoiding premature death from cancer, especially lung cancer, probably involve neither screening nor improved (55) , but prevention.
This conclusion does not depend on the unrealistic assumption that we can (56) tobacco. It merely assumes that we can reduce cigarette sales appreciably by raising prices or by (57) the type of education that already appears to have had a (58) effect on cigarette consumption by white-collar workers, and that we can substantially reduce the amount of tar delivered per cigarette. The practicability of preventing cancer by such measures applies not only in those countries, (59) the US, where, because cigarette smoking has been common for decades, 25～30 per cent of all cancer deaths now involve lung cancer, but also in those where it has become (60) only recently. In China, for example, lung cancer (61) accounts for only about 510 per cent of all cancer deaths. This is because it may take as much as half a century (62) the rise in smoking to increase the incidence of lung cancer. Countries where cigarette smoking is only now becoming widespread can expect enormous increases in lung cancer during the 1990s or early in the next century, (63) prompt effective action is taken against the habit--indeed., such increases are already plainly evident in parts of (64) .
There are four reasons why the prevention of lung cancer is of such overwhelming importance: first, the disease is extremely common, causing more deaths than any other type of cancer now does; secondly, it is generally incurable; thirdly, effective, practicable measures to reduce its incidence are already reliably known; and, finally, (65) tobacco consumption will also have a substantial impact on many other diseases.

A:treatment B:cure C:prevention D:diagnosis

AIDS programs in developing put too little emphasis on treatment, the World Health Organization said Tuesday, asking for more small community-based clinics to be opened to treat HIV-infected people.
An estimated 36 million to 46 million people are living with AIDS, two-thirds of them in Africa, but only 440.000 people in developing countries were receiving treatiment by the end of 2003, the UN health agency said in its annual report.
"Without treatment, all of them will die a premature and in most cases painful death," the WHO said in the 169-page World Health Report.
WHO Director General Lee Jong-wook said community-based treatment should be added to disease prevention and care for sufferers in AIDS programs.
"Future generations will judge our time in large part by our response to the AIDS disease," Lee said.
"By tackling it decisively we will also be building health systems that can meet the health needs of today and tomorrow. This is a historic opportunity we cannot afford to miss, "he added.
Antiretroviral drugs enable people hit by AIDS to live longer. The annual cost of treatment, which was about $10,000 when the drugs were first developed, has dropped to about $150.
Treatment programs also help AIDS prevention efforts, the report said, citing great demands for testing and counseling where treatment has been made available.
Good counseling in turn leads to more effective prevention in those who are uninfected, and significantly reduces the potential for HIV carriers to pass on the infection, the report said.
Since its discovery in the 1980s, more than 20 million have died of AIDS, mostly in poor countries.
AIDS treatment programs may also result in ______.

A:better drugs B:lower yearly cost C:more effective prevention D:greater emphasis on treatmen

? ?阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白；每处空白给出4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

A:treatment B:cure C:prevention D:diagnosis

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AIDS treatment programs may also result in

A:better drugs. B:lower yearly cost. C:more effective prevention. D:greater emphasis on treatment.