Early or Later Day Care

    The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive ”attachment" period from birth to three may scar¹ a child"s personality and predispose² to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby，s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this.³ But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
　　Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example，in some tribal societies，such as the Ngoni，the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it⁴. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents，care-takers found children had problems with Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly，in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care，and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children"s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
　　But Bowlby"s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to，say，more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.⁵ Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut⁶, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

词汇：

psychoanalyst / ˌsaɪkəʊˈænəlɪst / n.精字申分析学家，心理分析学家

insulate / "ɪnsjʊleɪt / vt.隔绝

rear / rɪə(r) / vt.抚养
care-taker / "keərt"eɪkə(r) / n.照顾者，看管人

 infant / ˈɪnfənt / n.婴儿

predispose / ˌpri:dɪ"spəʊz / vi. 易导致

entail / ɪn"teɪl / vt.蕴涵；需要

anthropologist / ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst / n.人类学家

注释：

1.scar:留下伤痕
2.predispose:易导致。又如：Fatigue predisposes one to catch cold.疲劳使人易患感冒。
3.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails，and many people do believe this. 一些人从波比的研究得出结论，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托，因 为这蕴涵着孩子不得不跟父母分开。很多人确实相信这个结论。subject (to)：使遭受，受 到。又如:We were subjected to the torture of the heat.我们受到酷热知折磨。entail:蕴涵； 需要。又如:Negotiating with him entails great patience.和他谈判需要很大的耐性。语言的 一个特点是具有蕴涵关系，因此懂得语言中的蕴涵关系对于提高阅读理解能力、进行正确的 推理是相当重要的。一般说来，具体蕴涵一般，反之则不然。因此，日托蕴涵孩子与父母分 离，但孩子与父母分离不蕴涵日托，因为其他的办法也可以使孩子与父母分离。同理，谈判蕴涵耐心，但耐心不蕴涵谈判，因为需要耐心的不只是谈判。
4. ... the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone 一 far from it.父母不单独抚养婴儿，远非如此。rear:抚养，培养。
5.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.不论长远后果如何，孩子的父母们有时会觉得眼前的后果难以应付。（眼前的后果指下 一句说到的孩子不愿去日托而会抗议、表示不高兴）
6.clear-cut:鲜明的，明确的

It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that____

A:the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies B:a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies C:mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies D:children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years

Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrong for a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.
Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment. The American Medical Association’s policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper "Active and Passive Euthanasia" I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die--if one is permissible, then so is the other.
Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant. The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction "leave the traditional position untouched."
Is my argument really irrelevant I don’t see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.
But traditionalists like professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia--the direct killing of patients--is not morally permissible; so, if my argument is sound, their view must be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument "leave the traditional position untouched."
However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary.
It seems that the writer is most concerned about

A:the interpretations of euthanasia. B:the sufferings of the dying. C:the effects of medical treatments. D:the traditional view on death.

Research shows that by using computers, students become better problem solvers and better communicators. Over a network, using (1) and sharing files, students have the chance to collaborate and work (2) with other classmates, peers, and teachers. Networking electronically can (3) learners create, analyze, and produce information and ideas more (4) and efficiently. Networking people "put the inspiring and usable set of tools (5) reach of the mass of computer (6) , empowering them to (7) beyond simply processing information to design, publish, and express" (Mello, 1996). Through this (8) electronic access to the world around them, students’ social awareness and (9) increase. Networking (10) them from the limitations of (11) writing tools that often inhibit and restrict writing processes. Learning is then (12) from a traditional passive-listening exercise to an experience of discovery, exploration, and excitement. Students can begin to (13) their full potential when (14) are empowered to contribute and collaborate as a team to accomplish their writing tasks (15) effectively.

A:modern B:contemporary C:new D:traditional

What is the president's view on digital cameras and traditional ones?

A:Digital cameras will be cheaper than traditional ones in the near future. B:Digital cameras and traditional cameras will co-exist for ever. C:The prices of digital cameras will go down very soon. D:Digital cameras will not take the place of traditional ones in the next few years.

A Nowadays,Korea is influenced by American culture If you visit Seoul(汉城),you will see alot of fast food stores in sach avenue,p;aces such as KFC,MeDonald’s,and Burger King. You will also be surprised to see many western style clothes which are different form our traditional clothes such as the Han Bouk,When you go around department stores,youcan see many young students waiting in line to buy famous brands such as 96 New York jeans,Guess, Polo,Guest,Channel,and Cartiers.It hard to find clothes which represent(代表)traditional Korean culture.There are only a few stores which sell traditional clothing,and these stores are starting to disappear. When you visit middle schools in Korea,you will also find studenfs listening to music on their CD players ,mostly rock and roll,including the pop music of singers such as Britney Spires,Christina Aguilera,and Ricky Martin.Moreover,if you ask students to talk about Korean music traditions,they probably will not give you an answer at once. Now,however,there are some voices which ate urging to preserve pur own culture,One is an association which insisis people eat traditional food sucb as kimchi.They make wcb sites to show how tradintional Korean foods are bencficial for health and they advertise on TVregularly about traditional customs. they say that Koreans are losing their identity(特性)，and they are also concerned bccause young people don’t even know about the traditional KOREAN HOLIDAYS yhey suggest that the government prepare extra programs to teach young students about korean traditions.Some middle schools have tried to do thismbut it isn’t working bery effeetively.From the second paragraph we can see that Guess,Polo,Guest are （ ）

A:fast food restaurants B:names of famous stores C:famous brand of clothes D:traditional Korean clothes

A Nowadays,Korea is influenced by American culture If you visit Seoul(汉城),you will see alot of fast food stores in sach avenue,p;aces such as KFC,MeDonald’s,and Burger King. You will also be surprised to see many western style clothes which are different form our traditional clothes such as the Han Bouk,When you go around department stores,youcan see many young students waiting in line to buy famous brands such as 96 New York jeans,Guess, Polo,Guest,Channel,and Cartiers.It hard to find clothes which represent(代表)traditional Korean culture.There are only a few stores which sell traditional clothing,and these stores are starting to disappear. When you visit middle schools in Korea,you will also find studenfs listening to music on their CD players ,mostly rock and roll,including the pop music of singers such as Britney Spires,Christina Aguilera,and Ricky Martin.Moreover,if you ask students to talk about Korean music traditions,they probably will not give you an answer at once. Now,however,there are some voices which ate urging to preserve pur own culture,One is an association which insisis people eat traditional food sucb as kimchi.They make wcb sites to show how tradintional Korean foods are bencficial for health and they advertise on TVregularly about traditional customs. they say that Koreans are losing their identity(特性)，and they are also concerned bccause young people don’t even know about the traditional KOREAN HOLIDAYS yhey suggest that the government prepare extra programs to teach young students about korean traditions.Some middle schools have tried to do thismbut it isn’t working bery effeetively.From the second paragraph we can see that Guess,Polo,Guest are （ ）

A:fast food restaurants B:names of famous stores C:famous brand of clothes D:traditional Korean clothes

A Nowadays,Korea is influenced by American culture If you visit Seoul(汉城),you will see alot of fast food stores in sach avenue,p;aces such as KFC,MeDonald’s,and Burger King. You will also be surprised to see many western style clothes which are different form our traditional clothes such as the Han Bouk,When you go around department stores,youcan see many young students waiting in line to buy famous brands such as 96 New York jeans,Guess, Polo,Guest,Channel,and Cartiers.It hard to find clothes which represent(代表)traditional Korean culture.There are only a few stores which sell traditional clothing,and these stores are starting to disappear. When you visit middle schools in Korea,you will also find studenfs listening to music on their CD players ,mostly rock and roll,including the pop music of singers such as Britney Spires,Christina Aguilera,and Ricky Martin.Moreover,if you ask students to talk about Korean music traditions,they probably will not give you an answer at once. Now,however,there are some voices which ate urging to preserve pur own culture,One is an association which insisis people eat traditional food sucb as kimchi.They make wcb sites to show how tradintional Korean foods are bencficial for health and they advertise on TVregularly about traditional customs. they say that Koreans are losing their identity(特性)，and they are also concerned bccause young people don’t even know about the traditional KOREAN HOLIDAYS yhey suggest that the government prepare extra programs to teach young students about korean traditions.Some middle schools have tried to do thismbut it isn’t working bery effeetively.From the second paragraph we can see that Guess,Polo,Guest are （ ）

A:fast food restaurants B:names of famous stores C:famous brand of clothes D:traditional Korean clothes