Disease I Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

    Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on¹ all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.

    In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness —that is, make a diagnosis². A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called a syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated³ by the physician in making his diagnosis.

     Although nurses do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patient’s disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy⁴. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician’s orders.

    In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention⁵. Throughout most of medical history, the physician’s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease⁶. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens — to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs⁷. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health — physical and mental.

词汇：

marked / mɑ:kt/  adj.显着的 

syndrome /"sɪndrəʊm/ n. 综合征，症候群
symptom /"sɪmptəm/ n.症候，症状 

therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法，治疗 

sign /saɪn/ n. 病体；体征

注释：

1.carry sth. on：继续；进行；维持下去
2.make a diagnosis：做出诊断
3....the results evaluated…：此句中在evaluated之前省略了与前面are performed相同的助动词are。
4.also referred to as therapy：也被称为疗法（过去分词短语作a course of treatment的定语）refer to...：谈及，提及refer to sth. /sb. as...：把……称为……例如：Don’t refer to the matter again.不要再提这件事了。We refer to such a science as physiology.我们把这样一门科学称为生理学。
Don’t refer to your brother as a silly cow.不要把你兄弟说成是头笨牛。
5.have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention：在预防方面承担越来越多的责任take sth. on：承担，接受You have taken on too much.你承担的工作太多了。
6.to cure a patient of an existing disease：治疗病人的现有疾病cure sb. of...：给某人治疗（或治愈）某病 例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold.此药准能治好你的感冒。
7.ranging from... health programs：从国际这一级的世界卫生组织一直到下面地区的私人和社区医疗机构（现在分词短语作状语）range from... to...：从……到……的范围（分布或变动）The children’s ages range from 5 to 15.这些孩子小的5岁，大的15岁。Its prices range from twenty to thirty dollars.价钱从20美元到30美元不等。

Because nurses can observe patients closely, they have the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to patients

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

_________ carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab.

A:Observe B:To observe C:Observed D:Observing

Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle event-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring all around the world.
But ecologists can’t be everywhere so they’re turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they’re asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people too observe a very specific research interest--birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that’s needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology Network. "Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group’s first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project which is open to everyone record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.
"People don’t have to be plant experts, they just have to look around and see what’s in their neighborhood," says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. "As we collect this data, we’ll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes./
Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them______.

A:to provide their personal life cycles B:to observe the life cycle of plants C:to collect data of the life cycle of living things D:to teach children knowledge about climate change

Eta Carinae is hard to observe because

A:it is too far away. B:there is too much dust and gas around it. C:the binoculars are not powerful enough. D:it does not send out infrared light.

第三篇On the Trail of the Honey Badgers On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do. “The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.” The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialized with each other. Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species. As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity — or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?

A:To observe how honey badgers behave. B:To find where honey badgers live. C:To catch some honey badgers for food. D:To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.

第三篇On the Trail of the Honey Badgers On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do. “The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.” The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other. Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species. As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity — or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?

A:To find where honey badgers live. B:To observe how honey badgers behave. C:To catch some honey badgers for food. D:To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

A:observe B:observes C:observing D:to observe

第三篇On the Trail of the Honey Badgers On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do. “The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.” The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialized with each other. Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species. As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity — or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?

A:To observe how honey badgers behave. B:To find where honey badgers live. C:To catch some honey badgers for food. D:To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.

第一篇On the Trail of the Honey Badgers On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do. “The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.” The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other. Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species. As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity — or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?

A:To observe how honey badgers behave. B:To find where honey badgers live. C:To catch some honey badgers for food. D:To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.