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What really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle It’s probably not what you think. Years of clinical research proves that the real keys are pleasure, joy and freedom, not our power of will or austerity (苦行). Joy of living is sustainable; fear of dying is not.
Why Because life is to be enjoyed. There’s no point in giving up something you enjoy unless you get something back that’s even better, and quickly. When people eat more healthfully, exercise, quit smoking, manage stress better, and love more, they find that they feel so much better, so quickly, it reconstruct the reason for making these changes from fear of dying to joy of living. Fortunately, the latest studies show how dynamic and powerful are the mechanisms that control our health and well-being.
When you exercise and eat right: Your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen, so you become smarter, think more clearly, have more energy, and need less sleep. Two studies showed that just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many new nerve cells to grow that it actually increased the size of people’s brains!
Your face receives more blood flow, so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You look younger and more attractive. In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face so you age more quickly. Smoking accelerate aging because nicotine (尼古丁) causes your blood vessel to become narrower, which decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. This is why smokers look years older than they really are.
One of the most interesting findings in this study was that the mothers’ perceptions of stress were more important than what was objectively occurring in their lives. The researchers made a survey among women and asked them to rate on a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day, and how out of control their lives felt to them. The women who perceived that they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damaged telomeres (染色体端粒) compared with those who felt more relaxed. Conversely, some of the women who felt relaxed despite raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing telomeres.
In other words, if you feel stressed, you are stressed.
According to the passage, what’s the benefit of exercising and eating right

A:Your brain will be more powerful and you will look younger. B:You will feel more energetic if you have more sleep than usual. C:You will have more willpower to quit smoking. D:Your blood will flow slowly and you will wrinkle prematurely.

What really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle It’s probably not what you think. Years of clinical research proves that the real keys are pleasure, joy and freedom, not our power of will or austerity (苦行). Joy of living is sustainable; fear of dying is not.
Why Because life is to be enjoyed. There’s no point in giving up something you enjoy unless you get something back that’s even better, and quickly. When people eat more healthfully, exercise, quit smoking, manage stress better, and love more, they find that they feel so much better, so quickly, it reconstruct the reason for making these changes from fear of dying to joy of living. Fortunately, the latest studies show how dynamic and powerful are the mechanisms that control our health and well-being.
When you exercise and eat right: Your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen, so you become smarter, think more clearly, have more energy, and need less sleep. Two studies showed that just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many new nerve cells to grow that it actually increased the size of people’s brains!
Your face receives more blood flow, so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You look younger and more attractive. In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face so you age more quickly. Smoking accelerate aging because nicotine (尼古丁) causes your blood vessel to become narrower, which decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. This is why smokers look years older than they really are.
One of the most interesting findings in this study was that the mothers’ perceptions of stress were more important than what was objectively occurring in their lives. The researchers made a survey among women and asked them to rate on a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day, and how out of control their lives felt to them. The women who perceived that they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damaged telomeres (染色体端粒) compared with those who felt more relaxed. Conversely, some of the women who felt relaxed despite raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing telomeres.
In other words, if you feel stressed, you are stressed.
What does "prematurely" (Line 6, Para. 4) mean

A:Before one is mature. B:Before expected time. C:At an inappropriate time. D:Not thoroughly.

Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ______ half a day before the de fenders actually surrendered.

A:to announce B:announced C:announcing D:was announced

Mental Retardation (智力迟钝)
Mental retardation is a condition in which people have lower than normal intelligence and are unable to function at the level expected for their age. People with mental retardation are usually born with it, or it develops early in their life. They may also have some difficulty with daily living skills such as learning to read and write and caring for themselves.
Doctors and other professionals determine that a person has mental retardation based on their intelligence and how well they can do everyday activities. Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand Levels of intelligence are measured by special tests called intelligence tests. The score a person gets on one of these tests gives a numerical (数字的) measure of a person’s intelligence. This is called an intelligence quotient (智商) or IQ.
An average score on an IQ test is about 90 to 110. a person with mental retardation will usually score below 75 on an IQ test.
The IQ test alone does not determine whether someone is mentally retarded a person must also have trouble with everyday activities such as getting dressed, eating, washing, or learning basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills.
Mental retardation is not a disease itself. It cannot be cured and it’s not contagious (传染的). This condition can be caused by several things that injure the brain or don’t allow the brain to develop normally. Many times we don’t know why a person has mental retardation.
Sometimes it may be caused by genes. Genes are chemical units found in every cell. They carry the instructions telling cells what to do. Sometimes, children receive abnormal genes from their parents.
a defective gene may also develop spontaneously. Neither parent would have passed on the gene, but the gene changes before the baby develops;
Some other problems that can cause mental retardation also happen before a child is born. It is important for the brain to develop properly if a child is to have normal intelligence. "Planning a pregnancy is the most important decision most of us will make in our lifetime. A healthy lifestyle and good medical care should begin before a woman becomes pregnant and continue throughout the pregnancy," says Jodi Rucquoi, a genetic counselor from Connecticut. If a woman abuses alcohol or drugs or doesn’t eat well, there is a risk to the developing baby. Also, a premature birth or problems during childbirth can sometimes harm the baby’s developing brain. While premature babies are generally fine, there is a greater chance that they may have mental retardation.
In some cases, a young child can develop mental retardation after being sick with a serious infection or other illness, or after suffering a bad head injury.

a child can be taken as mentally retarded if he or she（　）

A:was born prematurely. B:has lower than normal intelligence. C:has low intelligence and low daily living skills. D:has normal intelligence but difficulties in learning.


? ?下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? {{B}}Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early{{/B}}
? ?An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated, say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
? ?The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
? ?"When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007, we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials—more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years," study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
? ?Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11 (79 percent) of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration.
? ?"This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely. In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies. On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ’immature’ benefit/risk balance of new drugs," Apolone said. He and his colleagues "are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing benefit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients. However, findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation. "
? ?It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration (持续时间) of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months.
? ?They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped, they’d enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
? ?"Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there’s proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior. That would be an ethical obligation," Stuart Pocock, a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom, said at the news conference. "However, too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy (功效) without strong evidence being available."
The number of prematurely stopped clinical trials has increased recently.

A:

Right ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
B:
Wrong ? ? ? ? ? ?
 C:
Not mentioned


? ?下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? {{B}}Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early{{/B}}
? ?An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated, say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
? ?The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
? ?"When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007, we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials—more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years," study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
? ?Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11 (79 percent) of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration.
? ?"This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely. In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies. On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ’immature’ benefit/risk balance of new drugs," Apolone said. He and his colleagues "are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing benefit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients. However, findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation. "
? ?It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration (持续时间) of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months.
? ?They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped, they’d enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
? ?"Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there’s proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior. That would be an ethical obligation," Stuart Pocock, a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom, said at the news conference. "However, too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy (功效) without strong evidence being available."
The 25 trials involved roughly the same number of participants.

A:

Right ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
B:
Wrong ? ? ? ? ? ?
 C:
Not mentioned

第二篇

Mental Retardation (智力迟钝)
Mental retardation is a condition in which people have lower than normal intelligence and are unable to function at the level expected for their age. People with mental retardation are usually born with it, or it develops early in their life. They may also have some difficulty with daily living skills such as learning to read and write and caring for themselves.
Doctors and other professionals determine that a person has mental retardation based on their intelligence and how well they can do everyday activities. Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand Levels of intelligence are measured by special tests called intelligence tests. The score a person gets on one of these tests gives a numerical (数字的) measure of a person’s intelligence. This is called an intelligence quotient (智商) or IQ.
An average score on an IQ test is about 90 to 110. a person with mental retardation will usually score below 75 on an IQ test.
The IQ test alone does not determine whether someone is mentally retarded a person must also have trouble with everyday activities such as getting dressed, eating, washing, or learning basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills.
Mental retardation is not a disease itself. It cannot be cured and it’s not contagious (传染的). This condition can be caused by several things that injure the brain or don’t allow the brain to develop normally. Many times we don’t know why a person has mental retardation.
Sometimes it may be caused by genes. Genes are chemical units found in every cell. They carry the instructions telling cells what to do. Sometimes, children receive abnormal genes from their parents.
a defective gene may also develop spontaneously. Neither parent would have passed on the gene, but the gene changes before the baby develops;
Some other problems that can cause mental retardation also happen before a child is born. It is important for the brain to develop properly if a child is to have normal intelligence. "Planning a pregnancy is the most important decision most of us will make in our lifetime. A healthy lifestyle and good medical care should begin before a woman becomes pregnant and continue throughout the pregnancy," says Jodi Rucquoi, a genetic counselor from Connecticut. If a woman abuses alcohol or drugs or doesn’t eat well, there is a risk to the developing baby. Also, a premature birth or problems during childbirth can sometimes harm the baby’s developing brain. {{I}}While{{/I}} premature babies are generally fine, there is a greater chance that they may have mental retardation.
In some cases, a young child can develop mental retardation after being sick with a serious infection or other illness, or after suffering a bad head injury.

a child can be taken as mentally retarded if he or she（）

A:was born prematurely B:has lower than normal intelligence C:has low intelligence and low daily living skills D:has normal intelligence but difficulties in learning

Red giant stars do not become white dwarf stars abruptly; the process takes more than fifteen hundred years.

A:suddenly B:in unison C:prematurely D:accidentally

Red giant stars do not become white dwarf stars {{U}}abruptly{{/U}}; the process takes more than fifteen hundred years.

A:suddenly B:in unison C:prematurely D:accidentally

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