Lung Cancer

    1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.

    2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.

    3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation¹ from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained². Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.³

    4. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma⁴, so-called because the malignancy originates in⁵ a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off⁶ the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes⁷ of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.

    5. Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland⁸ and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.

 

词汇：

blameworthy /"bleɪmwɜːðɪ/ adj.该受责备的

bronchus/ˈbrɔŋkəs/ n.支气管                 pl. bronchi

irritant/ˈɪrɪtənt/ n.刺激物；adj.有刺激性的

smog/smɔɡ/ n.烟雾

secretion/sɪˈkri:ʃən/ n.分泌（作用);分泌=物

fume/fju:m/ n.(浓烈或难闻的）烟;气

pneumonia/nju:ˈməunjə/ n.肺炎

correlation/kɔ:rəˈleɪʃən, ˌkɔr-/n. 相关,关联

abscess/ˈæbses/n. 脓肿

mortality/mɔ:"tæləti/n. 死亡率

pneumonectomy/nju:məuˈnektəmi/n. 肺切除术

tuberculosis/tʊˌbɜ:kjəˈləʊsɪs, tjʊ-/n. 结核病

malignant/məˈliɡnənt/ adj. 恶性的,有害的

 

注释：

1.exposure to radiation:接触放射线

2.if any possibility of cure is to be maintained:如果想要保持治愈的可能性的话。这里的is是情态动词,与不定式连用（be to do sth.)表示“想要、打算、约定、职责、义务”等意思。

3.Modern X-ray machines... to be completely removed.合格的技师操作现代的X光机所产生的危险微乎其微(至少对年龄超过40岁的人来说如此），相对于它能尽早发现一个较小的、能被彻底切除的肿瘤这个优点来说,这点危险可以忽略不计。此句中运用了such... that...这样的呼应关系，that引导的从句为程度状语从句。offset意为“补偿,抵消”。

4.bronchogenic carcinoma：支气管癌。carcinoma指上皮细胞所形成的恶性肿瘤，sarcoma指非上皮细胞所形成的恶性肿瘤,而所有恶性肿瘤都可称cancer或malignancy 。

5.originate in/from:起源于,发生于

6.cut off:切断

7.the lymph node:淋巴结

8.the prostate gland:前列腺

A before the cancer cells spread elsewhere

B the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will have

C what is most responsible for lung cancer

D as some people imagine

E the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have

F which form of lung cancer is a common one

A primary lung cancer patient may be cured by removing the lung completely __________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

Text 3
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed, h is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as "nature/nurture".
Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Proponents of the "nurture "theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article（）

A:supports the nature theory B:supports the nurture theory C:believes both are completely wrong D:thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories

Text 3 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed, h is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as "nature/nurture". Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Proponents of the "nurture "theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article（）

A:supports the nature theory B:supports the nurture theory C:believes both are completely wrong D:thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories

Passage Four
The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, vision, and at close range, touch and taste.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the Anger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realize that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilized. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitation of each sense. The part of the spectrum (光谱) seen by colour-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet (紫外线) to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating (刺激的) part of the insect’s spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, constitutes a separate colour.

The phrase "sensitive skins" (Line 6, Para.2) most probably means（）

A:skins that are quick to feel and respond B:skins that are delicate C:skins that are completely dry D:skins that are sticky or slippery

Her comments about men are (utterly) ridiculous completely.

A:slightly B:completely C:partly D:faintly

The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, vision, and at close range, touch and taste.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the finger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realize that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilized. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense. The part of the spectrum(光谱)seen by color-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet(紫外线)to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating(刺激的)part of the insect’s spectrum, and, for honeybees at least, constitutes a separate color.
The phrase "sensitive skins" (Par

A:A．2) most probably means ______. skins that are completely dry skins that are sticky or slippery skins that are delicate skins that are quick to feel and respond

Her comments about men are (utterly) ridiculous completely.

A:slightly B:completely C:partly D:faintly

Her comments about men are utterly ridiculous completely.

A:completely B:slightly C:partly D:faintly