What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

When a transaction is agreed upon,does every payment need to be completed?( )

A:Yes,completely. B:Not neccessary. C:Depen D:Completed based on whatever suppliers need．

Privacy Worry May Keep HIV2¹ Patients from Therapy

    Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about² the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.

    Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from DukeUniversity,Durham, North Carolina³, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from ruralNorth Carolinalocations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.

    “The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive,”  Whetten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality.”

    “Two types of breaches occurred, ”Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient’s child.⁴”

     “The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, ⁵” Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient’s HIV status without the patient’s knowledge of the interaction.”

    “The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient’s consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information,” she pointed out.

    “Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done,” Whetten-Goldstein said. “They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs.”

    “However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself,” she added.

词汇：

privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi,ˈprɪvəsi/ n.隐私,秘密
breach /bri:tʃ/n.破坏,违反
therapy /"θerəpɪ/ n.疗法,治疗
consent /kən"sent/ n.答应,允许
confidentiality /ˌkɒnfɪˌdenʃiˈæləti/ n.保密性
regulate /"reɡjʊleɪt/ vt.调整

注释：

1.HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):人类免疫缺陷病毒
2.be concerned about:为……而担心（忧虑、烦恼）
3. North Carolina：(美国）北卡罗来纳州
4.One example was... with the patient’s child.例子之一就是某个护士由于担心自己的孩子会与病人的孩子一起玩,所以就告诉自己的孩子,这个病人是HIV阳性的病人。本句中who 至the patient’s child 是nurse 的定语从句,其中that her patient was HIV-positive又是told的宾语从句；out of concern (出于担心）是介词短语,作told的状语；而that her child would play with the patient’s child 则是concern的同位语从句。
5.one that providers might not consider breaches：即医生可能不认为是泄露个人机密的一类。one是代词,代替type,作the other type的同位语，that至breaches是one的定语从句，that在定语从句中作consider的宾语，breaches是宾语补足语。而provider则是指美国经保险公司认可为投保人看病的医生。

Whether an HIV-infected patient agrees to other (not his)medical workers’ sharing the information about his HIV status is one of the rights given by the constitution

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Passage Three
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example.
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth larael is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized nursing administration; Every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurse; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit’s nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.

A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when （）

A:the present one is refused by the patient B:the patient complains about the present one C:the present one proves to be ineffective D:the patient is found unwilling to cooperate

Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital the best patient care possible, If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example.
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth larael is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized nursing administration; Every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurse; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit’s nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.
A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ______.

A:the present one is refused by the patient B:the patient complains about the present one C:the present one proves to be ineffective D:the patient is found unwilling to cooperate

The doctor was reading a test report when the patient ______ in by a nurse.

A:was shown B:had shown C:showed D:shown

Passage Three
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example.
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized nursing administration; Every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurse; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit’s nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.

A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when （）

A:the present one is refused by the patient B:the patient complains about the present one C:the present one proves to be ineffective D:the patient is found unwilling to cooperate

The doctor was reading a test report when the patient ______ in by a nurse.

A:was shown B:had shown C:showed D:shown

Passage Three

A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ______.

A:the present one is refused by the patient B:the patient complains about the present one C:the present one proves to be ineffective D:the patient is found unwilling to cooperate