C
A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists（　）have argued that this“play”is  more like a scientific investigation than one might think.
Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,it
falls in the ground---and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).
Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language  using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort ---the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world---is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ”It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”

What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?（）

A:Convincing. B:Confused. C:Confidence. D:Cautious.

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases (1) trial of Rosemary West. In a significant (2) of legal controls over the press. Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a (3) bill that will propose making payments to witnesses (4) and will strictly control the amount of (5) that can be given to a case (6) a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he (7) with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not (8) sufficient control. (9) of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a (10) of media protest when he said the (11) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges (12) to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which (13) the European Convention on Human Rights legally (14) in Britain, laid down that everybody was (15) to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
"Press freedoms will be in safe hands (16) our British judges," he said. Witness payments became an (17) after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were (18) to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.
Concerns were raised (19) witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to (20) guilty verdicts.

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1.20（）

A:binding B:convincing C:restraining D:sustaining

Someone has calculated that by the time an American reaches the age of 40, he or she has been exposed to one million ads. Another estimate is that we have encountered more than 600, 000 ads by the time we reach the age of only 18. Now, of course, we don’t remember what exactly they said or even what the product was, but a composite message gets through: that you deserve the best, that you should have it now, and that it’s okay to indulge yourself, because you deserve the compliments, sex appeal, or adventure you are going to get as a result of buying this car or those cigarettes.
Our consumer-based economy makes two absolutely reciprocal psychological demands on its members. On the one hand, you need the "discipline" values to ensure that people will be good workers and lead orderly, law-abiding lives. On the other hand, you need the "enjoy yourself" messages to get people to be good consumers. One author was disturbed about the "enjoy yourself" side, but acknowledged that "without a means of stimulating mass consumption, the very structure of our business enterprise would collapse."
The interesting question has to do with the psychological consequences of the discrepancy between the dual messages. The "discipline" or "traditional values" theme demands that one compartment of the personality have a will strong enough to keep the individual doing unpleasant work at low wages, or to stay in an unhappy marriage, and, in general, to do things for the good of the commonwealth.
The "enjoy yourself" message, on the other hand, tends to encourage a very different kind of personality-one that is self-centered, based on impulse, and is unwilling to delay rewards. As an illustration, I can’t. resist reciting one of my favorite ads of all time, an ad from a psychology magazine: "I love me. I’m just a good friend to myself. And I like to do what makes me feel good. I used to sit around, putting things off till tomorrow. Tomorrow I’ll drink champagne, and buy a set of pearls, and pick up that new stereo. But now I live my dreams today, not tomorrow."
So what happens to us as we take in these opposing messages, as we are, in fact, torn between the opposite personality types that our society seems to require of us Tile result is anxiety, fear, and a mysterious dread. The fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer culture is real: the credit card company is not friendly when you default on your bills. And we all know that the path of pleasure-seeking and blind acquisition is a recipe for financial ruin-for most of us, anyway-and that, in American society, there isn’t much of a safety net to catch you if you fall.

From the first paragraph we know that ads in America are very（）

A:pervasive B:successful C:convincing D:impressive

The Chinese have used a method called acupuncture (针灸) to perform operations for about 4,000 years without putting the patient to sleep. This involves placing flexible needles into certain parts of the body. The needles are available in a number of stores in China and anyone may buy them.
To learn how to use the needles takes about one month of training. But to be skillful requires greater time. The person who performs the acupuncture knows how to put in the needles so the needles themselves are painful. This person also knows where to place the needles so the patient feels no pain in the area where the operation is to be performed. A particular operation might require 25 or more needles placed in various parts of the body. But now this operation requires only 3 or 4 needles.
Today, the Chinese doctors are trying to learn more about acupuncture. They are trying to develop a convincing theory to explain how the needles work in preventing pain, or why a needle in the wrist, for example, would prevent the pain in the area of the mouth.
A patient who needs an operation is given a choice between having acupuncture or having one of the chemicals used for putting him to sleep. It has been estimated that over half of the patients choose acupuncture because there is no sickness after the operation because the chemical may make the patient sick for a few hours a day.

It can be learned from the passage that （　）

A:more patients prefer chemicals to acupuncture B:an operation in the past needs more needles than now C:acupuncture has existed in China for as long as 6,000 years D:Chinese doctors have developed a convincing theory about acupuncture

(Convincing) that they were trying (to poison) him, he refused (to eat) (anything).（　）

A:Convincing B:to poison C:to eat D:anything

The author thinks of advertisements as ______.

A:convincing B:instructive C:influential D:authoritative

Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) is any object or light, reportedly sighted in the sky, that cannot be immediately explained by the observer. Sightings of unusual flying objects date back to ancient times, but UFOs (sometimes called flying saucers) became widely discussed only after the first widely publicized U. S sighting in 1947. Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.
At least 90 percent of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects, although time—consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification. The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars, aircraft, birds, balloons, kites, aorial flares, peculiar clouds, meteors, and satellites. The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting, tricks, or delusions, although to disprove all claims made about UFOs is impossible.
From 1947 to 1969 the U. S. Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security. A total of 12,618 reports were received, of which 701 reports, or 5.6 percent, were listed as unexplained. The air force concluded that "no UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security". Since 1969 no agency of the U.S. government has had any active program of UFO investigation.
Some persons, however, believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft, even though no scientifically valid evidence supports that belief. The possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewhere in the universe. A fully convincing UFO photograph has yet to be taken, however, and the scientific method requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out.
UFO enthusiasts persist, however, and some persons even claim to have been captured and taken aboard UFOs. No one has produced scientifically acceptable proof of these claims. Behavioral scientist Carl Sagan once proposed that "certain psychological needs are met by belief in superior beings from other worlds. /
According to the passage, the belief that some UFOs are spaceships from some extraterrestrial civilizations ______

A:has been supported by a convincing UFO photograph B:would be accepted if it met the requirements of the scientific method C:has been regarded as some kind of creative thinking D:has ruled out other explanations about the origin of UFOs

One of the most important features that distinguishes reading from listening is the nature of the audience. (51) the writer often does not know who will read what he writes, he must attempt to be as clear as possible. Time can be taken to plan the piece of writing so that it is eventually organized into some sort of (52) sequence of events or ideas. When we speak, however, we normally have very little time to plan what we intend to say. (53) , we may begin speaking before we have decided what to say. Our thoughts then tumble out in anything but a logical sequence. Since we are actually (54) our audience face to face we may omit some of the information we believe our audience shares. (55) the more familiar we are with our audience, the more information we are likely to leave out. In any (56) they can always stop and ask a question or ask for clarification if we have left out too much. A reader, however, cannot do (57) but can at least attempt comprehension at his own speed ; (58) , he can stop and go backwards or forwards, (59) to a dictionary or just stop and rest. when we listen we may have to work hard to sort out the speaker’s (60) by referring backwards and forwards while the speaker continues. As the speaker struggles to organize his thoughts, he will use filler phrases to give him time to plan. (61) these fillers, he will still make mistakes and repeat what he has already said. His speech will be characterized (62) a limited range of grammatical patterns and vocabulary and the use of idioms to (63) some general meaning quickly. It should be clear, then, that the listener has to take an active part in the process by ignoring the speaker’s repetitions and mistakes, and by seeking out the main idea through recall and prediction. To keep the process going (64) he also has to inform the speaker that he has understood (65) actually interrupting.

A:appealing B:advertising C:convincing D:addressing

Your arguments for claim ( ) .

A:is not convincing B:are convinced C:are not convincing D:has been convinced