相同项单选集
相同项单选集
A patent is an exclusive right given to an inventor for his or her invention. In other words, a patent is a monopoly right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years. Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified
In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent
Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers’ surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time.
In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable System for the economy. The patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress.
The costs of the patent monopoly______.
A:are measured by how much the consumers have lost in 17 years B:are measured by what the consumers have lost in 17 years C:can be determined by the lost consumers surplus from the 17 year patent monopoly D:should be determined in the context of an invention
A patent is an exclusive right given to an inventor for his or her invention. In other words, a patent is a monopoly right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years. Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified
In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent
Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers’ surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time.
In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable System for the economy. The patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress.
What benefit can the patent system offer when the patent expires
A:An increase in consumer well-being. B:A reduced price for consumers. C:Higher productivity. D:The promotion of a desirable invention.
The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when people acquired the use of (1) .
The (2) of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve (3) signals, (4) even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words (5) with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently (6) for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he (7) the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great clay (8) he discovered that speed could be used for narrative. There are those who think that (9) picture language preceded oral language. A man (10) a picture on the wall of his cave to show (11) direction he had gone, or (12) prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language (13) the most important single factor in the development of man.
Two important stages came not (14) before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was (15) in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable (16) our own machine age. Agriculture made possible (17) immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practised. (18) were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil (19) each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end (20) the physical comforts it provided.
A:source B:resource C:invention D:origin
Text 3
| A patent is an exclusive right given to
an inventor for his or her invention. In other words, a patent is a monopoly
right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor
the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in
the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years.
Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization
since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case
for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers’ surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time. In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable System for the economy. The patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress. |
A:are measured by how much the consumers have lost in 17 years B:are measured by what the consumers have lost in 17 years C:can be determined by the lost consumers surplus from the 17 year patent monopoly D:should be determined in the context of an invention
Text 3
| A patent is an exclusive right given to
an inventor for his or her invention. In other words, a patent is a monopoly
right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor
the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in
the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years.
Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization
since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case
for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers’ surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time. In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable System for the economy. The patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress. |
A:An increase in consumer well-being. B:A reduced price for consumers. C:Higher productivity. D:The promotion of a desirable invention.
| The first two stages in the development
of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the
discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when people acquired the use
of (1) . The (2) of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve (3) signals, (4) even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words (5) with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently (6) for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he (7) the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great clay (8) he discovered that speed could be used for narrative. There are those who think that (9) picture language preceded oral language. A man (10) a picture on the wall of his cave to show (11) direction he had gone, or (12) prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language (13) the most important single factor in the development of man. Two important stages came not (14) before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was (15) in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable (16) our own machine age. Agriculture made possible (17) immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practised. (18) were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil (19) each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end (20) the physical comforts it provided. |
A:source B:resource C:invention D:origin
There have been many great (21) . The first great invention was one that is still very important to day--the wheel. This made it easier to carry (22) things and to travel long distances.
In the early 1800s the world (23) to change. There was little unknown land left in the world. People did not have to explore much any more. They began to work instead to make life belier.
In the second half of the 19th century many great inventions were made. Among them were the camera, the electric light and the radio. These all became a big part (24) our life today.
The first part of the 20th century saw more great inventions: the helicopter in 1909, movies with sound in 1926, the computer in 1928, and jet planes in 1930. This was also a time (25) a new material was first made. Nylon came out in 1935. It changed the kind of clothes people wore.
The middle part of the 20th century brought new ways to help people (26) disease. They worked very well. They made people healthier and let them live (27) lives. By the 1960’s most people could expect to live to be at least 60.
By this time most people had a very good life.’ Of course new inventions continued to be made. Man began (28) ways to go into space. Russia made the first step. Then the United States took a step. Since then other countries, including China and Japan, have made their steps into space.
In 1969 man took his biggest step away from earth. Americans first walked on the moon. This is certainly just a (29) though. New inventions will someday allow us to do things we have never yet (30) .
A:discoveries B:creations C:invention D:inventions
Passage 3
Man’s first roan invention, and one of the most important inventions in history, was the wheel. All transportation and every machine in the world depend on it. The wheel is the simplest yet perhaps the most remarkable of an] inventions, because there are no wheels in nature no living thing was ever created with wheels. How, then, did man come to invent the wheel Perhaps some early hunters found that they could carry it. However, the logs themselves weighed a lot.
It must have taken a great prehistoric thinker to imagine two thin slices of log connected, at their centers by a string stick, this would roll along just as the logs did, yet be much lighter and easier to handle, thus the wheel and axle came into being and with them the first cart.
A:it was man' s first real invention B:all transportation depends on it C:every machine depends on it D:both B and C
There have been many great (21) . The first great invention was one that is still very important to day--the wheel. This made it easier to carry (22) things and to travel long distances.
In the early 1800s the world (23) to change. There was little unknown land left in the world. People did not have to explore much any more. They began to work instead to make life belier.
In the second half of the 19th century many great inventions were made. Among them were the camera, the electric light and the radio. These all became a big part (24) our life today.
The first part of the 20th century saw more great inventions: the helicopter in 1909, movies with sound in 1926, the computer in 1928, and jet planes in 1930. This was also a time (25) a new material was first made. Nylon came out in 1935. It changed the kind of clothes people wore.
The middle part of the 20th century brought new ways to help people (26) disease. They worked very well. They made people healthier and let them live (27) lives. By the 1960’s most people could expect to live to be at least 60.
By this time most people had a very good life.’ Of course new inventions continued to be made. Man began (28) ways to go into space. Russia made the first step. Then the United States took a step. Since then other countries, including China and Japan, have made their steps into space.
In 1969 man took his biggest step away from earth. Americans first walked on the moon. This is certainly just a (29) though. New inventions will someday allow us to do things we have never yet (30) .
A:discoveries B:creations C:invention D:inventions
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