After so many days without rain,the ground quickly soaked the little rain up.

A:dripped B:wetted C:absorbed D:drained

Drug Resistance¹ Fades Quickly in Key AIDS² Drug

    One of the main weapons to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the AIDS virus during birth is the drug nevirapine³. But when nevirapine is used alone just once，HTV⁴ starts becoming resistant to it. Research in Botswanashows that the resistance is not long lasting and that this affordable drug does not have to be abandoned forever by infected mothers who have already taken it.

    International medical guidelines call for⁵ pregnant women with advanced HTV to get a combination of AIDS drugs including nevirapine to prevent passing their infection on to their newborns during delivery. But in poor countries, combinations have been expensive and nevirapine has often been used alone，since studies have shown that a single dose can cut the transmission rate in half.

    The problem is that HIV resistance builds against it quickly when used alone just once because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine. This renders the drug less effective in later combinations for treating women after their baby is born. But the new study fromBotswanashows that nevirapine can make a comeback for these women if they wait until the resistance subsides.

    "The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is⁶，” said Shahin Lockman of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston⁷. She says waiting period for women who get the single dose of nevirapine at delivery can be as short as six months. “ If they started nevirapine-based treatment six or more months after nevirapine exposure, their treatment response⁸ was just as good, and really quite high, compared to women who did not have the single dose of nevirapine," she added. “However, the women who started nevirapine-based treatment within six months of that nevirapine exposure were much more likely to experience treatment failure. ”

    The study published in the New England Journal of Medicine⁹ shows that waiting at least six months means that HIV-positive women are 70 percent more likely to benefit from nevirapine-based drug combinations again than women who get them sooner. An official with theU. S.government health agency that helped fund the study calls it very important.

    Lynne Mofenson is chief of research on child, adolescent, and maternal AIDS at the U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development¹⁰. She says the finding supports a World Health Organization (WHO)¹¹ recommendation restricting a single dose of nevirapine only to pregnant HIV-infected women who are healthy enough to wait six months after childbirth for more nevirapine-based therapy. Otherwise, they should get other drugs during labor. “It shows the importance of screening women for treatment while they are pregnant and putting them on appropriate therapy while they are pregnant to avoid having to start them too soon after they received preventive therapy," she explained.

    Shahin Lockman inBostonsays the problem of nevirapine resistance should diminish now that¹² more and more people are receiving combinations of AIDS drugs under expandedU. S.and international programs to deliver them toAfricaand other regions hard hit by the virus.

词汇：

fade /feɪd/ vi. 消失 

affordable / ə"fɔ:dəbl / adj. 负担得起的，能提供的
transmission /trænsˈmɪʃn / n. 传播；传染；遗传 

abandon / ə"bændən / vt.  抛弃，放弃
Botswana 博茨瓦纳（非洲）

advanced n. 晚期的
newborn  /ˈnju:bɔ:n/ adj. 新生的；新生儿 

delivery /dɪˈlɪvəri / n. 分娩，生产

dose /dəʊs/ n. （一次）剂量，一剂
render / ˈrendə(r) / v. 使得，致使

comeback /ˈkʌmbæk/ n. 东山再起；还原；补偿
detectable /diˈtektəbl/ adj.可查明的；可找出的 

positive  /ˈpɒzətɪv/ adj. 阳性的
adolescent /ˌædəˈlesnt/ adj. 青年期的，青春的；青少年（12或13岁-20岁）

maternal /məˈtɜ:nl/ adj. 母亲的 

restrict / rɪˈstrɪkt / vt. 限制

pregnant  /ˈpregnənt/ adj. 怀孕的
childbirth /ˈtʃaɪldbɜ:θ/ n. 生孩子，分娩 

therapy /ˈθerəpi/ n. 疗法，治疗
preventive  /prɪˈventɪv/ adj. 预防的 

diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ / vt.  减少，缩小

注释：

1.drug resistance:抗药性
2.AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)：获得性免疫缺损综合征，艾滋病
3.nevirapine (NVP):奈韦拉平。一种阻断HIV母婴传播的新药。其品牌名为Viramune。
4. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)：人体免疫缺损病毒
5.call for:要求；提倡；号召
6.The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is. ? ?:你月艮用一剂nevirapine之后，时间越长越不易发现(HIV)对 nevirapine的抗药性……get out from:从……离开，从……出发（在本句中如直译就是： 从……走出去,走得越远就越……）。exposure to:暴露；接触（在本句中如直译就是：接触 一剂 nevirapine) 0
7.Harvard School of Public Health in Boston:波士顿哈佛公共卫生学院
8.response的原意是“反应，应答”，但在医学文献中常用来指“疗效”，此处treatment response 就更加明显。
9.New England Journal of Medicine ：《新英格兰医药杂志》。New England是美国东北部 Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island 和 Connecticut 六州的总称。
10. U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD):美国国立儿童 健康与人类发展研究所
11.World Health Organization (WHO)：世界卫生组织
12.now that:既然，因为

Why does HTV resistance against nevirapine build very quickly even when the drug is used alone just once?

A:Because the drug is not strong enough to kill all of the HIV in the body B:Because there may not be a susceptibility test before using the drug C:Because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine D:Because there are too many mutations of HIV for nevirapine to deal with

Transport and Trade

    1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to¹ their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale².

    2 The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied³ by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between BritainandNew Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.

    3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on⁴ what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.

    4 By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on⁵ making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.

    5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.

词汇：

aid /eid/ n．帮助，援助

plentiful /"plentiful/ adj．充裕的，丰富的

scarce /skeəs / adj．匾乏的，缺少的

canal /kə"næl/ n．运河

suburbs /"sʌbəbz/ n．郊区

deliver /di"livə/v．送（货）

port /pɔ:t/ n．港口

cable /"keibl/ n．电缆

commerce /"kɔməs/ n．商业

注释：

1.    add to：增添，增加

2.    on a small scale：小规模地。注意这里用的介词是on。

3.    accompany：伴随。例如：The dance was accompanied by music．音乐伴舞。

4.    live on：以……为主食

5.    concentrate on：集中

B at any time during the year

C has gieatly promoted trade

D is it possible to produce on a large scale

E the transport of goods

Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly_________.

A:A B:B C:C D:D E:E F:F

He quickly stepped on the brakes, and his car came to a stop just in time （）an accident.

A:to avoid B:to be avoiding C:to have avoided D:to have been avoided

What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly

A:It forms bubbles. B:It goes directly to the brain. C:It is reabsorbed by the lungs. D:It has a narcotic effect.

He spoke so quickly that I did not ______ what he said.

A:catch B:accept C:take D:listen

Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in ______.

A:the other B:some other C:others D:these others

The policemen acted quickly because lives were {{U}}at stake. {{/U}}

A:in danger B:in difficulty C:in despair D:out of control

By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder(奎蛇). In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snake with a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all. Most people regard snake bites as a fatal(致命的)misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal. Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs(外行人)heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery(手术)and other unnecessary measures. All snakes have small teeth, so that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. British snakes are shy animals and far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally, or if you try to catch it or pick it up, which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming, it will normally get out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are very close. The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer far more seriously from snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistance against the poison. Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no effect, as there are of serious illness.If an adder hears you approaching, it will usually______.

A:move out of your path B:take no notice of you at all C:disappear very quickly D:wait until you are close and then attack