单选集
单选集
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Division of labor 劳动分工
Text 4
So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.
The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.
Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener: or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a means can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives’ birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.
What percentage of the population in a modem technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers At a guess I would say sixteen percent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.
Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too, easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drag-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase" getting one’s teeth into a problem".
A:Ritualized time B:Technology and the division of labor C:The appearance of new aristocracies D:The new fashion
Text 3
Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labour. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for men or women to exchange their roles. But by the middle of this century, men’s and women’s roles were becoming less firmly fixed.
In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in child care, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and child care responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.
In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people. But its influence spread to many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on "over-time" work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned .away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighbourhoods.
In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or women’s liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers. Most of them still took traditional women’s jobs such as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. But some women began to enter traditionally, male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion.
A:Results of Feminist Movement B:New Influences in American Life C:Counterculture and Its Consequence D:Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles
Text 4 So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family. The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not. Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener: or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a means can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives’ birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better. What percentage of the population in a modem technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers At a guess I would say sixteen percent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future. Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too, easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drag-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase" getting one’s teeth into a problem".
What may cause the percentage of workers to decline（）A:Ritualized time B:Technology and the division of labor C:The appearance of new aristocracies D:The new fashion
Marketing, in economics, is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. In popular usage it is defined as the distribution and sale of goods, the word DISTRIBUTION being understood in a broader sense than the technical economic one. Marketing includes the activities of all those who are engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer--not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who warehouse, grade, transport, in sure, finance, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer. In a modern capitalist economy, where all production is for a market, such activities are of first importance l it is estimated that more than 50% of the price paid by the final consumer is made up of the cost of marketing. Where production is for direct use, as in the subsistence farm, the feudal manor (庄园), or the communal group, there is little need for exchange of good because the division of labour is poorly developed and most people produce the same or similar goods. Interregional exchange between disparate geographic areas depends on adequate means of transportation. This, before the development of area travel and navigation, there was little change of the products of one region for those of another. Where systems of transportation are well developed as in the Mediterranean in ancient times and throughout most of the world in modern times, interregional trade has been substantial. The village market of fair, the itinerant (巡游的) merchant or peddle, and the shop where customers could have such goods as shoes and furniture made to order were features of marketing up in rural Europe.
There is little need for marketing in the place such as a subsistence farm, because（ ）A:the goods are used directly by its producer there B:the division of labour is developed there C:there are few consumers there D:their production is distributed widely
Marketing, in economics, is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. In popular usage it is defined as the distribution and sale of goods, the word DISTRIBUTION being understood in a broader sense than the technical economic one. Marketing includes the activities of all those who are engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer--not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who warehouse, grade, transport, in sure, finance, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer. In a modern capitalist economy, where all production is for a market, such activities are of first importance l it is estimated that more than 50% of the price paid by the final consumer is made up of the cost of marketing. Where production is for direct use, as in the subsistence farm, the feudal manor (庄园), or the communal group, there is little need for exchange of good because the division of labour is poorly developed and most people produce the same or similar goods. Interregional exchange between disparate geographic areas depends on adequate means of transportation. This, before the development of area travel and navigation, there was little change of the products of one region for those of another. Where systems of transportation are well developed as in the Mediterranean in ancient times and throughout most of the world in modern times, interregional trade has been substantial. The village market of fair, the itinerant (巡游的) merchant or peddle, and the shop where customers could have such goods as shoes and furniture made to order were features of marketing up in rural Europe.
There is little need for marketing in the place such as a subsistence farm, because（）A:the goods are used directly by its producer there B:the division of labour is developed there C:there are few consumers there D:their production is distributed widely
