单选集

Sleeplessness

    Insomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint1 of women as they enter into menopause. Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or the feeling that your sleep was not adequate for you. For women who are having night sweats, their sleep is broken by frequent awakening and therefore not refreshing. Generally once2 the night sweats are controlled a normal sleep pattern returns. If it doesn"t it may be, or have become chronic insomnia.3 How do you know?4

    If you suffer from insomnia every night or most nights for a period of one month then you have chronic insomnia. If you"re not having night sweats then it"s time to look for other causes of sleeplessness. Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common causes of chronic insomnia. If you feel depressed you need to be checked by a qualified health care provider5. Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list6 of insomnia for them； there are new medicines that may help. Other common causes are shift working, and pain.

    In up to7 30% of people with chronic insomnia no cause can be identified. Medical treatment of these people has generally been with sleeping pills. It is estimated that 25% of the adult population in Americatook some type of medicines for sleep last year. It is generally agreed that sleeping pills should only be in the lowest dose8 and for the shortest possible time.

    Sleep hygiene9 is directed at changing bad sleep habits. The recommendations are： 一 Go to bed only when sleepy. 一Do not wait up to a specified time. 一Avoid caffeine and alcohol in the evening, etc.

 

词汇：

insomnia /ɪn"sɒmnɪə/ n.失眠，失眠症

qualified /"kwɒlɪfaɪd/ adj.有资格的，胜任的，具备必要条件的

syndrome/"sɪndrəʊm/ n.综合病症，综合症状，

identify /aɪ"dentɪfaɪ/ vt.识别，鉴定

dose/dəʊs/ n.(药物等的)(一次)剂量，一剂，一服

hygiene/"haɪdʒiːn/ n.卫生，卫生学，保健学

recommendation /,rekəmen"deɪʃ(ə)n/ /n.劝告，建议；推荐

specify /"spesɪfaɪ/ vt.具体指定，明确说明

caffeine /"kæfiːn/ n.咖啡因，咖啡碱

complaint/kəm"pleint/ n.疾病；抱怨，诉苦

menopause/"menəpɔːz/ n.绝经，绝经期，更年期

refreshing/rɪ"freʃɪŋ/ adj.提神的，凉爽的，清凉的

chronic /"krɒnɪk/ adj.(疾病）慢性的

depression /dɪ"preʃ(ə)n/ 抑郁，沮丧，消沉

disorder /dɪs"ɔːdə/ n.（身，信机能的）紊乱，不适，病

 

注释：       

1.complaint:此处意为“疾病”。

2.once:—旦（引导时间状语从句）

3.If it doesn"t it may be, or have become chronic insomnia.如果正常的睡眠规律不能恢复，则可 能成为或已经成为慢性失眠了。If k doesn"t中的k指上一句提到的normal sleep pattern。

4. How do you know?是 How do you know if it may be or have become chronic insomnia?的省略。

5.a qualified health care provider：—个合格的保健工作者，这里泛指医生或健康咨询专家等。

6.second on the list:在名单上列第二，即从重要性来看位于第二。

7.up to:接近

8.in the lowest dose:用最小剂量

9.sleep hygiene:睡眠的卫生，指与睡眠有关的一系列健康习惯。

How many possible causes of sleeplessness are mentioned in the second paragraph?

A:Five B:Six C:Seven D:Numerous

A project management team is evaluating the causes that might contribute to unsatisfactory performance and quality. Which of the following statements is not true ？（）

A:Normal process variation is attributable to random causes and sometimes also called "white noise" B:Special causes are easier to predict and handle than random causes(also called common causes) C:Special causes are unusual events which are difficult to foresee and mostly produce outliers D:A process can be optimized to limit the bandwidth of variations due to random causes

A project management team is evaluating the causes that might contribute to unsatisfactory performance and quality．Which of the following statements is not true ？（）

A:Normal process variation is attributable to random causes and sometimes also called“white noise”． B:Special causes are easier to predict and handle than random causes(also called common caus C:Special causes are unusual events which are difficult to foresee and mostly produce outlier D:A process can be optimized to limit the bandwidth of variations due to random cause

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

? ?Geologists have been studying volcanoes for a long time. Though they have learned a great deal, they still have not discovered the cause of volcanic action. They know that the inside of the earth is very hot, but they are not sure exactly what causes the great heat. Some geologists have thought that the heat is caused by the great pressure of the earth’s outer layers. Or the heat may be left from the time when the earth was formed. During the last sixty years scientists have learned about radium, uranium, thorium, and other radioactive elements. These give out heat all the time as they change into other elements. Many scientists now believe that much of the heat inside the earth is produced by radioactive elements.
? ?Whatever the cause of the heat may be, we do know that the earth gets hotter the farther down we dig. In deep mines and oil wells the temperature rises about 1 F for each 50 feet. At this rate the temperature 40 miles below the earth’ s surface would be over 4,000 F, This is much hotter than necessary to melt rock. However, the pressure of the rock above keeps most materials from melting at their usual melting points. Geologists believe that the rock deep in the earth may be plastic, or puttylike. In other words, the rock yields slowly to pressure but is not liquid. But if some change in the earth’s crust releases the pressure, the rock melts. Then the hot, liquid rock can move up toward the surface.
? ?When the melted rock works its way close to earth’s crust, a volcano may be formed. The melted rock often contains steam and other gases under great pressure. If the rock above gives way, the pressure is released. Then the sudden expansion of the gases causes explosions. Theses blow the melted rock into pieces of different sizes and shoot them high in the air. Here they cool and harden into volcanic ash and cinders. Some of the material falls around the hole made in the earth’s surface. The melted rock may keep on rising and pour out as lava. In this way, volcanic ash, cinders and lava build up the cone-shaped mountains that we call volcanoes.
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A:Geologists know that volcano action is caused by radioactive elements. B:Geologists know that there is higher temperature within the earth. C:The real causes of the heat inside the earth have not been found. D:Scientists have made various guesses about the causes of heat inside the earth.

Volunteers are being recruited(征募) to eat raw potatoes in the first human trials of a vaccine grown in genetically engineered vegetables. Researchers in Texas hope that people who eat the potatoes will be protected against common gut(肠，肠子) infections. They believe this technique could prove to be a cost-effective way of growing vaccines in developing countries where such diseases are still killers.
Other researchers previously succeeded in using similar techniques to produce potential vaccines Now Hugh Mason and his colleagues at Texas A & M University(得克萨斯农业及机械大学) their plant vaccines on mice and plan to recruit 15 volunteers for a human trial.
The team first tested the technique in tobacco plants. They took a strain of Escherichia coli(大肠杆菌) bacteria that causes food poisoning, and identified the part of the poison which binds to its victims gut cells. They then used a modified plant bacterium called Agrobacterium tumefasciens to transfer the segment of DNA which manufactures the binding protein into the tobacco plant. Under normal circumstances, these bacteria transfer packets of DNA into plant cells to force the plant to manufacture the nutrients they need. But in the modified bacteria, the DNA package includes the gene to pro- duce the binding protein.
Once the foreign DNA segment was incorporated(结合，合并) into the tobacco’s own DNA, the bacteria were killed off with antibiotics. Mason’s team then grew these modified tobacco plants and found that they produced the E. coli binding protein.
Proof of success came when the tobacco leaves were mashed up(捣碎) and squirted into the stomachs of mice. Mason says that within days the mice started producing specific antibodies to the E. coli poison, but suffered no ill effects from digesting the binding protein. Mason then produced genetically engineered potatoes and fed these to mice, with similar results.
Mason’s team have used plants to produce vaccines against a number of other infectious agents. For example, they have made a vaccine using a protein from the shell of the Norwalk virus, which causes diarrhoea(腹泻) in children.
A third vaccine has also been produced in tobacco using a surface protein from the hepatitis B virus. But Mason says that so far they have only been able to produce small amounts of it in potatoes. Although a vaccine already exists against hepatitis B, a cheaper plant version could make mass immunisation(群众性免疫) possible.
One problem with growing potatoes to produce vaccines is that cooking tends to destroy the protein component of the vaccine, so they must be eaten raw. Mason thinks that bananas may be a better option. "One banana could potentially produce a whole host of different vaccines," says Mason.
Which of the following is a plant bacterium used to grow vaccines

A:agrobacterium tumefasciens B:coli C:Norwalk D:one that causes diarrhea

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

? ?"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer, "But," he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
? ?This year, 50 percent of the 910 000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. ?But other survival statistic(统计)rate still discouraging-13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas(胰腺).
? ?With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes(基因), are inactive in normal ceils. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
? ?The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggest that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oneologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
? ?The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
? ?"First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells, which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."
According to Robert Weinberg, which of the following is true?

A:Cures for cancer will soon be found if we know how cancer cells arise. B:We’ 11 have to wait fifty or sixty years before we understand the Causes of cancer. C:Even when we understand the causes of cancer, that doesn’t mean we will soon find a cure for cancer. D:We won’t understand the causes of cancer before the end of the decade.


? ?下面有．3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

? ?Volunteers are being recruited(征募) to eat raw potatoes in the first human trials of a vaccine grown in genetically engineered vegetables. Researchers in Texas hope that people who eat the potatoes will be protected against common gut(肠，肠子) infections. They believe this technique could prove to be a cost-effective way of growing vaccines in developing countries where such diseases are still killers.
? ?Other researchers previously succeeded in using similar techniques to produce potential vaccines Now Hugh Mason and his colleagues at Texas A & M University(得克萨斯农业及机械大学) their plant vaccines on mice and plan to recruit 15 volunteers for a human trial.
? ?The team first tested the technique in tobacco plants. They took a strain of Escherichia coli(大肠杆菌) bacteria that causes food poisoning, and identified the part of the poison which binds to its victims gut cells. They then used a modified plant bacterium called Agrobacterium tumefasciens to transfer the segment of DNA which manufactures the binding protein into the tobacco plant. Under normal circumstances, these bacteria transfer packets of DNA into plant cells to force the plant to manufacture the nutrients they need. But in the modified bacteria, the DNA package includes the gene to pro- duce the binding protein.
? ?Once the foreign DNA segment was incorporated(结合，合并) into the tobacco’s own DNA, the bacteria were killed off with antibiotics. Mason’s team then grew these modified tobacco plants and found that they produced the E. coli binding protein.
? ?Proof of success came when the tobacco leaves were mashed up(捣碎) and squirted into the stomachs of mice. Mason says that within days the mice started producing specific antibodies to the E. coli poison, but suffered no ill effects from digesting the binding protein. Mason then produced genetically engineered potatoes and fed these to mice, with similar results.
? ?Mason’s team have used plants to produce vaccines against a number of other infectious agents. For example, they have made a vaccine using a protein from the shell of the Norwalk virus, which causes diarrhoea(腹泻) in children.
? ?A third vaccine has also been produced in tobacco using a surface protein from the hepatitis B virus. But Mason says that so far they have only been able to produce small amounts of it in potatoes. Although a vaccine already exists against hepatitis B, a cheaper plant version could make mass immunisation(群众性免疫) possible.
? ?One problem with growing potatoes to produce vaccines is that cooking tends to destroy the protein component of the vaccine, so they must be eaten raw. Mason thinks that bananas may be a better option. "One banana could potentially produce a whole host of different vaccines," says Mason.
Which of the following is a plant bacterium used to grow vaccines?

A:agrobacterium tumefasciens B:coli C:Norwalk D:one that causes diarrhea


? ?阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The Discovery of Penicillin (青霉素){{/B}}
? ?In the autumn of 1928, a Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming was searching for a substance that would kill fatal germs(细菌). On his desk were small plates containing the germs. {{U}}?(51) ?{{/U}} evening, he forgot to cover one of the plates. When he arrived the next morning, he found a spot of green mould(霉菌)in one plate. This is not strange because the room was rather damp(潮湿) ,with {{U}}?(52) ?{{/U}} one window. But Fleming did not throw out the spoiled plate, be cause something unusual caught {{U}}?(53) ?{{/U}} attention.
? ?On the uncovered plate, near the green mould, the germs {{U}}?(54) ?{{/U}}. That meant that the mould had killed the germs there. Fleming watched the mould grow {{U}}?(55) ?{{/U}} several days. As the green mould spread, it killed more and {{U}}?(56) ?{{/U}} germs.
? ?Fleming began to study the mysterious mould. It grew and grew. Then he noticed tiny drops of liquid on the surface of the mould. Perhaps this was the chemical that was destroying the germs.
? ?Fleming drew off the liquid, drop by drop. He put this liquid in a test tube, and it {{U}}?(57) ?{{/U}} the germs in the tube. He called the {{U}}?(58) ?{{/U}} penicillin.
? ?Fleming published his finding in a British medical journal {{U}}?(59) ?{{/U}} 1929. But for ten years, while he continued to experiment with penicillin, his discovery was largely ignored near the medical world.
? ?Then in 1938 a team of British scientists happened to {{U}}?(60) ?{{/U}} about Fleming’s findings in an old medical journal. They made further {{U}}?(61) ?{{/U}} with the drug. They tested it on animals and then {{U}}?(62) ?{{/U}} human beings. In 1941, it was declared safe for use on humans. Soon penicillin was produced in large quantity and was used to {{U}}?(63) ?{{/U}} many infections(感染).
? ?Penicillin is a very powerful drug. {{U}}?(64) ?{{/U}} can treat many kinds of infections. However, it has some bad effects. Sometimes it causes a skin problem or a light fever. And it can be fatal for people {{U}}?(65) ?{{/U}} are allergic(过敏性的)to it. That is why before you take a penicillin shot, the doctor gives you a test shot first.

A:experiments B:failures C:effects D:causes


? ?下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文，并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
{{B}}第一篇{{/B}}

{{B}}Reasoning{{/B}}

? ?Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur of lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
? ?Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out, Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won’t work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is calls, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out—power off—refrigerator not working—temperature will rise—milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
? ?Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may. help cause an accident, though other factors--pedestrians or other cars in the intersection—must also be present.
? ?In establishing or refuting (驳倒) a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged (所谓的) cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.

This passage mainly discusses ______.

A:causal reasoning B:various types of reasoning C:classification of causes D:the causal process

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