Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements

     Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday, kicking off¹ six days of Nobel announcements.
　　Australian-born U. S. citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
　　Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out² in 1901. The last female winner was U. S.researcher Linda Buck in 2004，who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
　　Among the pair"s possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and El wood Jensen, who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors³.
　　As usual, the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference⁴ at Stockholm"s Karolinska Institute.
　　Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite, established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine，physics，chemistry，literature and peace. The economies pijize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden"s central bank.
　　Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of⁵ research.
　　Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine prize committee, said the 10 million kronor (US $1.3 million) prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
　　”Individual researchers probably don"t look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they"re at work,” Jornvall told The Associated Press⁶. ”They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions. ”
　　In 2006，Blackburn, of the University of California, San Francisco, and Greider, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for⁷ research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.

词汇：

enzyme/ "enzaɪm/n. 酶 

krona/ ˈkrəunə/n. 瑞典克朗
receptor/ rɪˈseptə(r)/n. 受体 

kronor krona的复数形式
dynamite/ "daɪnəmaɪt/n. 甘油炸药 

telomerase/ tə"lɒməreɪz/n. 端粒酶 

注释：

1.kicking off：开始(某种）活动
2.handed out：分发
3.nuclear hormone receptors：核激素受体
4.a news conference ：记者招待会
5.a body of： 一批
6.The  Associated Press ：美联社
7.set the stage for：为……打好基础

The research by Blackburn and Greider helps suggest the role of ____

A:money in medical research B:proteins in cancer treatment C:hormones in the functioning of life D:telomerase in the growth of cancer cells

A Gay Biologist

    Molecular biologist Dean Hamer has blue eyes，light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes，spends long hours in an old laboratory at the US National Institute of Health， and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He also happens to be openly，matter-of-factly gay¹ ?

    What is it that makes Hamer who he is?² What, for that matter³，accounts for⁴ the talents and traits that make up anyone"s personality? Hamer is not content merely to ask such questions ； he is trying to answer them as well. A pioneer in the field of molecular psychology, Hamer is exploring the role genes play in governing the very core of our individuality⁵. To a remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay，thrill-seeking and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions.⁶

    That work, which has appeared mostly in scientific journals, has been gathered into an accessible and quite readable form in Hamer"s creative new book, Living with Our Genes. “You have about as much choice in some aspect of your personality," Hamer and co-author Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, “ as you do in the shape of your nose or the size of your feet. ”

    Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by⁷ psychiatrists and psychologists, who based their most compelling conclusions about the importance of genes on⁸ studies of identical twins. For example，psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hamer picked up where the twin studies left off, homing in on⁹ specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation¹⁰.

    Hamer switched to behavioral genetics from basic research¹¹ ； after receiving his doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metabolize heavy metals like copper and zinc. As he was about to turn 40, however, Hamer suddenly realized he had learned as much about the protein as he cared to.¹² “ Frankly, I was bored，” he remembers, “and ready for something new. ”

    Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject¹³. "I"m gay，” Hamer says with a shrug, "but that was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosity — and the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research. ”

词汇：

gay / gei / n. & adj.同性恋者（的）

psychiatrist / saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n. 精神病医生
molecular / mə"lekjələ(r) / adj. 分子的 

psychologist / saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/ n.心理学家
ski / ski:/ n.  滑雪板  

genetics /dʒəˈnetɪks / n. 遗传学
slope / sləʊp / n.斜面，斜坡 

compelling / kəmˈpelɪŋ / adj. 使人信服 的
trait / treɪt / n. 品质，特征，性格 

likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ n. 可能性
content /"kɒntent/ n.  满足的，满意的 

doctorate / "ˈdɒktərət / n. 博士学位
individuality /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuˈæləti / n. 个性 

protein /ˌˈprəʊti:n / n.蛋白质
metabolizie /ˌme"tæbəˌlaɪt / n. （使）代谢 

predisposition /ˌpredisposition  / n. 倾向，癖性
homosexual /ˌˌhəʊməˈsekʃuəl  / n. & adj.  同性恋者（的）

accessible / əkˈsesəbl / adj. 易于接近的，易于接受的
motivation /ˌməʊtɪ"veɪʃn  / n. 促动因素，冬季

注释：

What happened to Harrier"s research interest?

A:He turned to basic research B:He sticked to basic research C:He turned to behavioral genetics D:He sticked to behavioral genetics

There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.
The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as "background"), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion).
The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.
The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student’s ability to carry out research.
The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.
The best title for this passage could be______.

A:Types of Research Reports B:Types of Journal Articles C:Writing of research Reports D:Writing of Different Articles

There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.
The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as "background"), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion).
The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.
The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student’s ability to carry out research.
The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.

A:Types of Research Reports B:Types of Journal Articles C:Writing of research Reports D:Writing of Different Articles

According to the author, research on palliative care for cancer______.

A:is more important than research for cancer cures B:has been overlooked by researchers C:is virtually non-existent D:is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic

Some people look down on applied research because they think that

A:it is a kind of prearranged investigation. B:no new knowledge can arise from applied research. C:it is more difficult to get results in applied research. D:no specific scientific ability is needed in applied research.

There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.
The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as "background"), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion).
The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.
The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student’s ability to carry out research.
The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.

A:Types of Research Reports B:Types of Journal Articles C:Writing of research Reports D:Writing of Different Articles

(Research shows) that employees (whose) obtain (satisfaction) from their jobs are more (productive).（　）

A:Research shows B:whose C:satisfaction D:productive