Education of Students with Vision Impairments

    This is specially designed education for children who are either partially sighted or blind¹. Vision impairments are diagnosed by medical doctors who examine the physical structures in the eye and evaluate the child"s ability to see shapes of different sizes at various distances. In the United States, approximately 12 out of 1,000 children receive some form of special education because of visual impairments.

    Partially sighted children may use a variety of adaptive aids² to see more clearly and to read printed text. These aids include magnifiers, which may be attached to eyeglasses； electronic systems for enlarging print³ and making it easier to see； and large-print books. Blind children usually are taught to read Braille，a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.⁴ In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.⁵ However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.⁶ Many students read paperless Braille with the aid of machines that mechanically raise the dots in a small panel as the reader progresses through the text. Because Braille cannot be read very rapidly， many blind students prefer to listen to books being read on tapes. Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech.⁷

    Many blind and partially sighted children receive orientation and mobility training⁸ as a part of their education. Specialists teach them how to travel independently in their schools and communities, often with an aid，such as a cane.

    Most children with vision impairments are educated in schools within their communities. Vision specialists may provide special materials and equipment, help teachers and classmates understand the children"s condition, and possibly provide additional instruction. The specialists may also teach partially sighted children how to use their remaining vision more effectively⁹ and instruct them in the use of adaptive aids.

    Some children with vision impairments attend special schools designed to meet their particular needs. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.¹⁰ They also have specially designed facilities, which m^y not be found in neighborhood schools, for blind children to participate in athletics and other activities.

    The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities, such as physical disabilities, developmental impairments, or hearing loss.¹¹ Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication，and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.¹²

词汇：

impairment / ɪmˈpeəmənt/ n. 损伤 

facility / fəˈsɪləti/ n. （常用复数）设备，设施
community / kəˈmju:nəti / n. 社区，社会 

emboss  /ɪm"bɒs / vt.  使浮凸，使突出
magnifier / ˈmægnɪfaɪə(r) / n. 放大镜 

athletics / æθˈletɪks / n. 体育运动
cane / keɪn / n. 手杖，藤  

synthesize /"sɪnθəsaɪz / vt.  合成

Braille / breɪl/ n. 盲文

注释：

1.partially sighted or blind：半盲或全盲的
2.a variety of adaptive aids：各种各样可调节的辅助装置
3.electronic systems for enlarging print：能够放大印刷字体的电子设备。print —词在这里指的 是印刷出来的字；在下文large-print中意思也一样。
4.Blind children usually are taught to read Braille, a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.盲童通常学习阅读盲文，盲文是由在纸上浮突出来的小圆点构成的（文字）系 统，用手触摸着读。
5.In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.把普通书籍转化成"^文在过去是很花时间的 事，保存大开本的书也要占很多地方。
6.However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.然而，现在大多数盲文文本是用电子手段转化而成的。
7.Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech. 些学生还使用阅读机，这种阅读机装有摄像 机来扫描印刷字体，然后电脑再把它们转化成电子合成的声音。equip sth. with...:用某 物来装备……
8.orientation and mobility training ：方向和移动训练
9.to use their remaining vision more effectively ：更有效地运用他/[门微I号的视力。remaining 的 意思是“剩下的，余下的”。
10. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.同寄宿学校一样，这些学校除了教学课程以外还癍供各种住宿设施Q as well as作 为介词短语意思是“除了……以外（也），和”。
11.The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities，such as physical disabilities，developmental impairments，or hearing loss.)(才 许多视力损伤的儿童的教育由于他们还患有其他伤残而变得愈加复杂化，如身体残疾、发 育不良、听力下降等。
12.Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication, and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.)(才这样的JL童的教育也许要强调语言和交流能力以及个人、社会和职业技能的培养，而不是强调学术能力。

Many blind students prefer listening to books because____

A:these books can talk by themselves B:the synthesized speech is very interesting C:this can save time D:these students are lazy

Ronald Musoke is a college student from Uganda. He attends the College of Marin in California. Recently he got very excited about things he found in wastebaskets. What did he find He found outdated textbooks that had been thrown away. Some of the books had sold new for one hundred dollars. The old textbooks had been either discontinued or replaced by newer editions.
Uganda is a very poor country in Africa. When Musoke went to school in Uganda, there were never enough books. Sometimes five books were shared with one hundred fifty students. Musoke lived through the Ugandan civil war and the loss of twelve family members from AIDS.
Why is Musoke excited about the discarded textbooks He wants to send them to Uganda so women have the chance to get an education. The books will be used to pay for the women’s education. Musoke hopes that education will help lower the number of deaths from AIDS. Also, the books will help lower illiteracy in Uganda.
Other students are helping Musoke gather textbooks. Students are giving him books and over four thousand books have been collected. A business sponsor is helping to pay the postage for the books. Musoke and his classmates sort and pack the books.
Ugandans will be educated with the help of donated books. The College of Marin students have become connected with an African nation far away. These classmates from a wealthy county, for example, Tanya Schwedler and her classmates, have gained greater understanding of people who struggle to live in a very poor country.

The proper title for this passage is （　）

A:Books in College of Marin B:Ronald Musoke and Tanya Schwedler C:"Trashed" Books Help Ugandans D:Poor Africa Students in the United States

Many students trying to increase their effective reading speed become discouraged when they find that if they try to race through a passage faster, they fail to take in what they have read. At the end, they have been so busy "reading faster" that they cannot re member what the passage was about. The problem here is that the material they are practicing on is either too difficult for them in vocabulary or content, or not sufficiently interesting. We hope that the passages in this course material will be both interesting and fairly easy, but you should also practice as much as you can in your own time. Read things you tike reading. Go to the subject catalogue in the library. Biography, sport, domestic science, the cinema ... there is bound to be some area that interests you and in which you can find books of about your level of ability or just below.
If you want a quick check on how easy a book is, read through three or four pages at random. If there are, on average, more than five or six words on each page that are completely new to you, then the book is not suitable for reading-speed improvement.

The expression "books of about your level of ability..." in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to （）

A:the books about your ability B:the books that you could find C:the books about your height D:the books that you can understand

In every British town, large and small, you will find shops that sell second-hand goods. Sometimes such shops deal mostly in furniture, sometimes in books, sometimes in household goods, sometimes even in clothes.
The furniture may often be "antique" and it may well have changed hands many times. It may also be very valuable, although the most valuable pieces will usually go to the London salerooms, where one piece might be sold for hundreds of thousands of pounds. As you look around these shops and see the polished(擦亮的) wooden boxes and tables, you can’t help thinking sadly of those long—dead hands which polished that wood, of those now—closed eyes which once looked at these pieces with love.
The books, too, may be antique and very valuable; some may be rare first printings. Often when someone dies or has to move to a new place his books may all be sold, so that sometimes you may find whole libraries in one shop. On the border between England and Wales, there is a town which was once only a sheep market, but which has now become a huge bookshop as well. And now books have replaced sheep as the town’s main trade.
Although the British do not worship their ancestors, they do treasure the past and the things of the past. This is true of houses as well. These days no one knocks them down; they are restored until they are often better than new. In Britain, people do not buy something just because it is new. Old things are treasured(珍藏) for their proven worth; new things have to prove themselves before they are accepted.

A small town on the border between England and Wales （）

A:does not deal in anything but books B:deals mainly in books C:deals in anything but books D:does not deal in anything but sheep

Many students trying to increase their effective reading speed become discouraged when they find that if they try to race through a passage faster, they fail to take in what they have read. At the end, they have been so busy "reading faster" that they cannot re member what the passage was about. The problem here is that the material they are practicing on is either too difficult for them in vocabulary or content, or not sufficiently interesting. We hope that the passages in this course material will be both interesting and fairly easy, but you should also practice as much as you can in your own time. Read things you tike reading. Go to the subject catalogue in the library. Biography, sport, domestic science, the cinema ... there is bound to be some area that interests you and in which you can find books of about your level of ability or just below. If you want a quick check on how easy a book is, read through three or four pages at random. If there are, on average, more than five or six words on each page that are completely new to you, then the book is not suitable for reading-speed improvement

The expression "books of about your level of ability..." in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to （）

A:the books about your ability B:the books that you could find C:the books about your height D:the books that you can understand

The expression "books of about your level of ability..." in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______

A:the books about your ability B:the books that you could find C:the books about your height D:the books that you can understand

What does Ohler suggest regarding the use of e-books

A:The society should ensure the poor have access to the technology. B:The society should ban the use of e-books if they cannot reduce eye fatigue. C:The society should approve of the use of e-books if they are made recyclable. D:The schools should solve the present problems of e-books.

A number of recent books have reworked subjects, forms and writing techniques. Today’s children read stories about divorce, death, drugs, air pollution, political extremism and violence. Relying on the magic of the illustrator, all kinds of books are being published.
Before they know how to read, babies can play with books made of cloth or books made to take in the bath. Later on, they are given picture books that may be cubical(立方形的) or triangular, outsized or very small. They also like work-books which come with watercolours and paintbrushes, and comic books(漫画册) filled with details where they have to spot a figure hidden among thousands of others.
Not that the traditional children’s books are being neglected. There are still storybooks where the pages pop up(跳起) when they are opened, to make a forest or a castle. Among the latest ideas are interactive stories where readers choose the plot(情节) or ending they want, and books on CD, which are very popular in rich industrialized countries.
The public has enthusiastically greeted the wealth of creativity displayed by publishers. "Previously, giving a child a book was often seen as improper," says Canadian author Marie-France Hebert. Her books, published by a French-language publisher, sell like not cakes in hundreds of thousands of copies. "There’s real appetite for reading these days and I try to get across to children the passion for reading which is food for the mind and the passion for reading which is food for the mind and the heart, like a medicine or a vitamin. /
Which of the following statements is true

A:Books made of cloth came out earlier than picture books. B:When you buy work-books you will be given free comic books. C:Traditional children’s books are not being removed from market. D:Babies cannot have books while taking a bath.

A number of recent books have reworked subjects, forms and writing techniques. Today’s children read stories about divorce, death, drugs, air pollution, political extremism and violence. Relying on the magic of the illustrator, all kinds of books are being published.
Before they know how to read, babies can play with books made of cloth or books made to take in the bath. Later on, they are given picture books that may be cubical(立方形的) or triangular, outsized or very small. They also like work-books which come with watercolours and paintbrushes, and comic books(漫画册) filled with details where they have to spot a figure hidden among thousands of others.
Not that the traditional children’s books are being neglected. There are still storybooks where the pages pop up(跳起) when they are opened, to make a forest or a castle. Among the latest ideas are interactive stories where readers choose the plot(情节) or ending they want, and books on CD, which are very popular in rich industrialized countries.
The public has enthusiastically greeted the wealth of creativity displayed by publishers. "Previously, giving a child a book was often seen as improper," says Canadian author Marie-France Hebert. Her books, published by a French-language publisher, sell like not cakes in hundreds of thousands of copies. "There’s real appetite for reading these days and I try to get across to children the passion for reading which is food for the mind and the passion for reading which is food for the mind and the heart, like a medicine or a vitamin. /
Which of the following statements is true

A:Books made of cloth came out earlier than picture books. B:When you buy work-books you will be given free comic books. C:Traditional children’s books are not being removed from market. D:Babies cannot have books while taking a bat

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

Which of the following statements is true?

A:Books made of cloth came out earlier than picture books. B:When you buy work-books you will be given free comic hooks. C:Traditional children’s books are not being removed from market. D:Babies cannot have books while taking a bath.