How and why would strain and anxiety trigger some of us to pile on extra weight Stress activates the flight-or-fight response (应激反应), a physiological reaction designed to get your body moving quickly in a physical emergency. When your brain perceives a threat, it sounds the alarm to your adrenal glands (肾上腺) to pump out the stress hormone cortisol (皮质醇). The hormone then signals fat cells to quickly release energy, which your muscles can use for a surge of power to "flee" or "fight". When the danger passes, cortisol briefly stays elevated to encourage your body to replenish (补充) its fat stores, then returns to normal.
"The system works beautifully if you’re running for the last bus home after work. It gives you a burst of energy, which you recover from quickly once you take your seat," says Pamela Peeke, MD, clinical assistant professor of medicine and author of Body for Life for Women. But when you turn on the stress response for months on end—worrying about your marriage or mortgage payments—you do damage. "Then, cortisol levels remain persistently elevated, persistently signaling your body to store fat," says Dr. Peeke.
This mechanism may also affect where flab (松弛) builds up on your body. Under stress, women who carry excess weight in their abdominal area secreted (分泌) significantly more cortisol than women who didn’t have extra belly fat, according to a study from the University of California at San Francisco. And since deep abdominal fat tissue has up to four times the number of receptors for cortisol as does superficial fat elsewhere in the body, the cells in this area are the most likely to respond and store fat when exposed to extra stress-induced cortisol. Unfortunately, this extra abdominal flab isn’t just a cosmetic concern; it is strongly linked to a greater risk of heart disease and stroke, two top killers of women over 50.
The cumulative (累积的) effects of the stress-fat connection can be great. Although you can’t control many of the things that cause you stress, you can take steps to curb the negative effect these stressors have on your body. "Support is essential. Reach out to family and friends," says Alice Domar, PhD, director of the Mind/Body Center for Women’s Health at Boston IVF.

The main purpose of this passage is to （　）

A:tell us how to reduce pressure appropriately B:reveal the reason why some women have extra belly fat C:teach us how to avoid the negative effect of stress D:explain how and why strain and anxiety would make some of us fatter

Pushbike Peril
Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure — or even kill — children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars so a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer.
Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. "the task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures." she says.
By interviewing the children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injures. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed, causing them to topple over. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degrees — but their momentum forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen.
The solution the group came up with is a handgrip fitted with a spring and damping system. The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The group hopes to commercialize the device, which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. "But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturer were unaware of the problem," says Arbogast.
The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design a decision is expected later this year.

In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries （　）.

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents C:to point out what the countermeasures can be D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur. B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents. C:to point out what the countermeasures can be. D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries ______.

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents C:to point out what the countermeasures can be D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project

Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure — or even kill — children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars. So a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer.
Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. "The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures, " she says.
By interviewing the children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injuries. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed, causing them to topple over. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degrees — but their momentum forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen.
The solution the group came up with is a handgrip fitted with a spring and damping system. The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The group hopes to commercialize the device, which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. "But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturers were unaware of the problem, " says Arbogast.
The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. A decision is expected later this year.
In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries ______.

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents C:to point out what the countermeasures can be D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project

Pushbike Peril
Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure — or even kill — children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars. So a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer.
Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. "The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures," she says.
By interviewing the children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able tog reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injuries. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed, causing them to topple over5. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degrees — but their momentum forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen6.
The solution the group came up with is a handgrip fitted with a spring and damping system. The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The group hopes to commercialize the device, which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. "But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturers were unaware of the problem," says Arbogast.
The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. A decision is expected later this year.
In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur. B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents. C:to point out what the countermeasures can be. D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur. B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents. C:to point out what the countermeasures can be. D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.

{{B}}第三篇{{/B}}

In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur. B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents. C:to point out what the countermeasures can be. D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.

Pushbike Peril
Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure —or even kill —children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars so a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer.
Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. "The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and came up with some countermeasures," she says.
By interviewing the children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injures. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed, causing them to topple over. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degrees — but their momentum forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen.
The solution the group came up with is a handgrip fitted with a spring and damping system. The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The group hopes to commercialize the device, which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. "But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturer were unaware of the problem," says Arbogast.
The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. A decision is expected later this year.
handlebar n (常用复数) (自行车等的) 车把
abdominal adj. 腹部的 redesign v. 重新设计
bioengineer n. 生物工程师 reconstruct vt. 重建；重构
countermeasure n. 对策 abdomen n. 膜，腹部
momentum n.冲力 handgrip n. 握柄
damping adj. 制动的，减速的，缓冲的 commercialize vt. 使商品化
In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries ______.

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents C:to point out what the countermeasures can be D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project

{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}

In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries

A:to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur. B:to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents. C:to point out what the countermeasures can he. D:to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.