What Is a Dream?

    For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.

    Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

    The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud¹，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

    The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung² was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

     Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.

    Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

    He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.³ Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.

    Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/ n.心理学家 

psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n.精神病学家(医生)
Austrian /"ɒstrɪən/ adj.奥地利的 

gender /"dʒendə(r)/ n.性别

注释：

1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
2．Carl Jung：卡尔·荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。
3．For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。

Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

What Is a Dream?

    For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.

    Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

    The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud 1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

    The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung 2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

    Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.

    Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

    He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.

    Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/n. 心理学家 

psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n. 精神病学家

Austrian/ "ɒstrɪən/ adj. 奥地利的 

Gender/ "dʒendə/ n. 性别

注释：

1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德.费洛伊德（1856-1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属 于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等

2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人

3.For example．the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting．This is not true of women’s dreams．例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。

Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

What Is a Dream?

    For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.

    Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

    The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud 1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

    The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung 2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

    Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.

    Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

    He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.

    Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/n. 心理学家 

psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ n. 精神病学家

Austrian/ "ɒstrɪən/ adj. 奥地利的 

Gender/ "dʒendə/ n. 性别

注释：

1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德.费洛伊德（1856-1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属 于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等

2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人

3.For example．the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting．This is not true of women’s dreams．例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。

In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Year after year a dedicated Swedish chemist worked to find a substance which, when (1) nitroglyoerine (__油), would make explosives safer to handle (2) weakening their force. He had a personal (3) scientific reason to pursue his search, because his (4) brother had been killed when a can of nitroglycerine (5) exploded. The oily liquid had been (6) for so many disasters that its (7) had finally been outlawed by many countries.
While (8) a new formula one morning, the doctor broke a test tube and gashed (划开) his finger. He was daubing (涂搽) the (9) with collodion (火棉胶), a coating solution of gun -cotton dissolved in ether- alcohol (乙醚), (10) the idea struck him - mix collodion with the nitroglycerine! (11) . was the answer. The new mixture, (12) blasting gelatine (爆胶), was not only (13) safe to handle as dynamite, but it was also one - and - a - half times more powerful! In fact, so powerful (14) that it paved the way for a whole new (15) in construction and engineering. Mines were (16) , roads were built, and canals were cut at a speed once (17) impossible. It had another use, also - death and destruction in warfare. Its inventor had believed that the power of his new (18) would so awe the military mind that it would actually be a deterrent to war. (19) it became a weapon that brought death to millions of soldiers and (20) .

A:believing B:regarding C:regarded D:believed

It ______ seen to be believed.

A:has B:has been C:has to be D:was

In a telephone survey of more than 2,000 adults, 21 % said they believed the sun revolved around the earth. An (35) 7% did not know which revolved around (36) I have no doubt that virtually all of these people were taught in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (37) may even have written it (38) a test. But they never (39) their incorrect mental models of planetary(行星的) motion because their everyday observations didn’t support (40) their teachers told them: People see the sun "moving" across the sky as morning turns to night. and the earth seems stationary (静止的) (41) that is happening.
Students can learn the right answers (42) heart in class, and yet never combined them with their working models of the world. The objectively correct answer the professor accept and the (43) personal understanding of the world can (44) side by side, each unaffected by the other.

A:formed  B:altered  C:believed  D:thought

It is believed by scientists that traditional medicines

A:can cure all kinds of diseases. B:may cure some of today's most serious diseases. C:are no longer useful for modern men. D:are too cheap to be useful.