Text 4
A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830’s through the early 1890’s. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects from advancement within the packinghouses and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the year, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880’s, is not accounted for the work ignores the fact that the 1880’s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packinghouse workers’ efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.
In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packinghouses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packing- houses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and over- worked.
The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880’s at the latest, and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880’s, and continued to decline after the 18g0’s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packinghouses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions of skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry’s workers from the lgg0’s on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.
The author’s misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history’s faulty generalizations. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packers -- the giant yards and the intricate plants -- than of the unity and vibrancy of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicago’s South Side. Indeed the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.

The question which is discussed in the passage is（）

A:how historians should explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry, B:why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat- packing industry. C:why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurate. D:what should be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packers’ role in the national labor movement.

A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830’s through the early 1890’s. Meatpackers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880’s, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880’s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the’ packinghouse workers’ efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.
In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing houses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packinghouses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked. The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880 ’s at the latest, and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880’s, and continued to decline after the 1880’s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The ’deterioration, in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry’s workers from the 1880’s on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.
The author’s misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history’s faulty generalizations. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packers—the giant yards and the intricate plants—than of the unity and vibrancy of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicago’s South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.
The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on Chicago’s South Side can best be described as one of ______.

A:appreciation of the community’s ability to cope with difficult conditions B:admiration for the community’s refusal to cooperate with labor agitators C:indignation at the kinds of social conditions the community faced D:annoyance at the community’s inability to abolish discrimination in the meat-packing industry

The working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880’s were influenced by

A:the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packinghouses. B:improvements in the industry’s packing process that occurred in the 1880’s. C:the workers’ ability to perform the industry’s complex tasks. D:the workers’ determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their work.

In me past twenty years, there has been all increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some countries have restricted most (51) to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East, (52) increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers (53) he U.S.A. and Europe. It has also brought in workers from many other countries, (54) South Korea and Japan.
In view of the difficult living and working (55) in the Middle East, it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can (56) at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they Carl in their own country, and this is a major (57) .
Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the (58) living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to (59) on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the (60) of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do (61) work in their home country.
One major problem which (62) migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on (63) , so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be (64) since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any (65) , migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.

A:role B:conditions C:difficulty D:event

阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

A:conditions B:reports C:forecast D:event

Migrant(移民的)Workers In me past twenty years, there has been all increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another．While some countries have restricted(限制)most______ (51)to local people，others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers．This is particularly the case in the Middle East, ______ (52)increased 0il incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities(设施)．Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers______ (53)the U．S．A．and Europe．It has also brought in workers from many other countries， ______ (54)South Korea and Japan． In view of the difficult living and working______ (55)in the Middle East，it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers．Many engineers and technicians．Can ______ (56) at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they Carl in their Owncountry, and this is a major ______ (57)． Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating(补偿的)advantage．For example，the ______ (58) living conditions often lead t0 increased friendship when workers have to______ (59)on each other for safety and comfort．In a similar way，many migrant workers Can save large sums of money partly because of the ______ (60)of entertainment(娱乐)facilities．The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greaterchallenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do______ (61)work in their home country． One major problem which ______ (62) migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones．They are nearly always on______ (63)，so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence．This is to be ______ (64)since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents．In any ______ (65)，migrant workers accept this disadvantage，along“也others，because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive．

A:role B:conditions C:difficulty D:event

　Health Insurance(保险) 　　Most Americans are responsible for their own medical costs.These can be extremely high if a person gets very(51)or has an accident.So people buy a health insurance plan to make sure these costs will be(52). 　　Most American colleges and universities have(53)health centers.There may even be a teaching hospital that can treat more serious(54). 　　Some medical services may be included in the cost of attending a school.But health insurance is usually needed for extra services.(55)most full-time college students must have insurance. 　　Students may already be protected under their family’s health plan.If not,many colleges offer(56)own plans. 　　The University of Michigan will be our example.Students pay a health service fee.Then there is no extra charge when they are treated for minor(57)problems at the University Health Center.But the school wants students to have health insurance to pay(58)other services. 　　The insurance plan(59)by the university costs about one thousand seven hundred dollars a year.Such health insurance(60)generally pay for hospital services,emergency room care and visits to doctors.They(61)do not pay for care of the teeth.And they usually do not pay for treatment of medical conditions that existed(62)the student arrived at school. 　　International students at the University of Michigan have two(63).They can buy the university health plan.Or they can(64)private insurance that is approved by the university. 　　The school also offers a special International Student Insurance Plan.This pays for most of the services offered(65)the University Health Center that are not included in the health service fee.

A:choices B:conditions C:terms D:cases

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文的内容为每处确定1个最佳选项。

Health Insurance (保险)
Most Americans are responsible for their own medical costs. These can be extremely high if a person gets very (1) or has an accident. So people buy a health insurance plan to make sure these costs will be (2).
Most American colleges and universities have (3) health centers. There may even be a teaching hospital that can treat more serious (4).
Some medical services may be included in the cost of attending a school. But health insurance is usually needed for extra services. (5) most full-time college students must have insurance.
Students may already be protected under their family’s health plan. If not, many colleges offer (6) own plans.
The University of Michigan will be our example. Students pay a health service fee. Then there is no extra charge when they are treated for minor (7) problems at the University Health Center. But the school wants students to have health insurance to pay (8) other services.
The insurance plan (9) by the university costs about one thousand seven hundred dollars a year. Such health insurance (10) generally pay for hospital services, emergency room care and visits to doctors. They (11) do not pay for care of the teeth. And they usually do not pay for treatment of medical conditions that existed (12) the student arrived at school.
International students at the University of Michigan have two (13) .
They can buy the university health plan. Or they can (14) private insurance that is approved by the university.
The school also offers a special International Student Insurance Plan. This pays for most of the services offered (15) the University Health Center that are not included in the health service fee.

13（）

A:choices B:conditions C:terms D:cases

? ?阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。

A:parts B:conditions C:methods D:clothes

Migrant(移民的)Workers In the past twenty years，there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another．While some countries have restricted most ________ (51)to local people，others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers．This is particularly the case in the Middle East，________ (52)increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities．Thus the Middle East has attracted oil．workers ________ (53)the U．S．A．and Europe．It has brought in workers from many countries, ________ (54) South Korea and Japan． In view of the difficult living and working ________ (55)in the Middle East，it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers．Many engineers and technicians call ________ (56)at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they Can in their own country, and this is a major ________ (57)． Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating(补偿的)advantage．For example，the ________ (58)living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to________ (59)on each other for safety and comfort．In a similar way, many migrant workers Can save large sums of money partly because of the________ (60)of entertainment facilities．The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely ________ (61) I greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country． One major problem which ________ (62) migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones．They are nearly always on ________ (63)，so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence．This is to be ________ (64) since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents．In any ________ (65),migrant workers accept this disadvantage，along with others，because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive．

A:parts B:conditions C:methods D:clothes